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肝硬化误诊为肝癌 险酿大错

2018-07-28 曾昭耆 刘凤奎 曾昭耆 顾复生 专家临床笔录丛书.内科分册

患者,男性,56岁,因腹胀三周,发热一周入院,患者三周前无明显诱因出现腹胀,伴有上腹痛,呈持续性隐痛,右侧明显,伴有恶心,厌食,无呕吐,腹泻,一周前出现发热,体温在37~38℃之间,无咽痛、流涕、咳嗽等上呼吸道感染症状,无胸痛、气短,无尿频、尿急、尿痛、腰痛。

患者,男性,56岁,因腹胀三周,发热一周入院,患者三周前无明显诱因出现腹胀,伴有上腹痛,呈持续性隐痛,右侧明显,伴有恶心,厌食,无呕吐,腹泻,一周前出现发热,体温在37~38℃之间,无咽痛、流涕、咳嗽等上呼吸道感染症状,无胸痛、气短,无尿频、尿急、尿痛、腰痛。

既往有慢性肝炎,肝硬化病史十年,无上消化道出血史,无结核病史。多次到医院就诊,给予保肝、对症治疗。此次以发热待查收入院。

查体 一般情况尚可,轻度贫血外貌,体温38.5℃,血压120/70mmHg,脉搏84次/分,皮肤,巩膜明显黄染、无皮疹及出血点,未见蜘蛛痣和肝掌,全身浅表淋巴结不大,心肺正常,腹部膨隆,全腹压痛,以上腹部为重且有反跳痛,未触及肿块,肝肋下3cm,剑突下5cm边缘钝,中等硬度,无压痛,脾肋下4c m,中等硬度,有腹水征,下肢水肿。

辅助检查 血红蛋白100g/L,白细胞2.5 ×109/L,血小板40 ×109/L,尿常规正常,大便常规正常,大便潜血阴性,肝功能检查:血清总胆红素54.3μmol,丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)320U/L,门冬酸氨基转移酶(AST)120U/L,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)110U/L,血清总蛋白6.5g/L,白蛋白2.5g/L,球蛋白4.0g/L,甲胎蛋白阴性,乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性,腹部B超肝大,有结节,胆囊大小正常,未见结石,胰腺未见异常、脾大,肾未见异常,有中等量腹水,B超报告肝占位性病变不除外。胸片正常,抽取腹水作化验检查,腹水外观为血性,比重1.030,蛋白定性试验阳性,蛋白定量3.5g/dl,细胞数15200 ×106/L其中中性粒细胞占65%,符合渗出液改变。

治疗经过 因发现腹水为血性,结合B超报告,诊断为肝癌。准备手术治疗,由于患者及家属拒绝手术,则继续进行保守治疗,入院一个月后又做一次腹腔穿刺,腹水化验仍为渗出液,腹水细菌培养为大肠杆菌,未见肿瘤细胞,腹水癌胚抗原正常,腹部CT提示肝硬化,脾大,腹水,后做选择性肝动脉造影和核素扫描未发现占位性病变,结合其他生化检查,诊断肝硬化,原发性腹膜炎,给予静点氨苄西林(氨苄青霉素),腹腔内注射丁氨卡那,配合保肝,利尿和静点白蛋白等,治疗两个月后症状明显好转,体温正常,腹痛缓解,腹水消退而出院。

误诊原因及教训

1﹒血性腹水是腹腔恶性肿瘤常见的表现,结合病人有肝硬化病史,有消化道症状,加之肝功能异常,乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性,易想到肝癌的可能,而对其他疾病(如肝硬化并发原发性腹膜炎,结核性腹膜炎)也可以引起血性腹水认识不足,所以如发现血性腹水,除要做全面腹水生化检查,腹水培养和病理外,同时要对腹腔内器官做影像学检查,包括腹部B超,腹部CT如可疑占位性病变,还应做核素扫描和血管造影等以明确诊断,第一次做腹腔穿刺时未做上述检查,而造成误诊。

2﹒腹部B超检查提示肝占位病变,不能就肯定为肝癌,结节性肝硬化常易与肝癌混淆,凡做腹腔穿刺进行腹水检查时都应常规进行病理细胞学检查,腹水应定期复查,以免误诊。

3﹒甲胎蛋白是诊断早期原发性肝癌最敏感、最可靠的指标,对肝硬化者应定期检查甲胎蛋白。

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336296, encodeId=ceec3362964a, content=肝硬化的诊断和鉴别诊断。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/16/3b24606172648eea459125cb74754afe.jpg, createdBy=6c022216608, createdName=liumin1987, createdTime=Sat Aug 04 10:35:31 CST 2018, time=2018-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334859, encodeId=84eb334859c0, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRvvXNvY0kOJqn4liar3Q6V6yPuEIawCVUyP3jVADh5icIz0ibrsxia6fKAqKsDr33jPWrjqM3D7wcRNu/0, createdBy=5a881701729, createdName=小树熊, createdTime=Sun Jul 29 08:40:03 CST 2018, time=2018-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334833, encodeId=82b03348331e, content=已学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20231215/ac08b4d4cecf4bd3b9af86e00dcbca38/f6b6a60efd854ff191eb5c611ec7dd12.jpg, createdBy=8afb2071832, createdName=15938038573红旗飘飘, createdTime=Sun Jul 29 06:56:18 CST 2018, time=2018-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334759, encodeId=9b34334e59a6, content=不做ct,afp阴性,就诊断肝癌,不是傻逼吗?这种病例也好意思拿出来讨论?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3d22107829, createdName=liaozongbing, createdTime=Sat Jul 28 20:37:27 CST 2018, time=2018-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1046318, encodeId=b0891046318ae, content=谢谢!最新的信息读起来就是收获大, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=guging, createdTime=Sat Jul 28 11:41:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-08-04 liumin1987

    肝硬化的诊断和鉴别诊断。

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336296, encodeId=ceec3362964a, content=肝硬化的诊断和鉴别诊断。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/16/3b24606172648eea459125cb74754afe.jpg, createdBy=6c022216608, createdName=liumin1987, createdTime=Sat Aug 04 10:35:31 CST 2018, time=2018-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334859, encodeId=84eb334859c0, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRvvXNvY0kOJqn4liar3Q6V6yPuEIawCVUyP3jVADh5icIz0ibrsxia6fKAqKsDr33jPWrjqM3D7wcRNu/0, createdBy=5a881701729, createdName=小树熊, createdTime=Sun Jul 29 08:40:03 CST 2018, time=2018-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334833, encodeId=82b03348331e, content=已学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20231215/ac08b4d4cecf4bd3b9af86e00dcbca38/f6b6a60efd854ff191eb5c611ec7dd12.jpg, createdBy=8afb2071832, createdName=15938038573红旗飘飘, createdTime=Sun Jul 29 06:56:18 CST 2018, time=2018-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334759, encodeId=9b34334e59a6, content=不做ct,afp阴性,就诊断肝癌,不是傻逼吗?这种病例也好意思拿出来讨论?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3d22107829, createdName=liaozongbing, createdTime=Sat Jul 28 20:37:27 CST 2018, time=2018-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1046318, encodeId=b0891046318ae, content=谢谢!最新的信息读起来就是收获大, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=guging, createdTime=Sat Jul 28 11:41:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-29 小树熊

    学习了

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336296, encodeId=ceec3362964a, content=肝硬化的诊断和鉴别诊断。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/16/3b24606172648eea459125cb74754afe.jpg, createdBy=6c022216608, createdName=liumin1987, createdTime=Sat Aug 04 10:35:31 CST 2018, time=2018-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334859, encodeId=84eb334859c0, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRvvXNvY0kOJqn4liar3Q6V6yPuEIawCVUyP3jVADh5icIz0ibrsxia6fKAqKsDr33jPWrjqM3D7wcRNu/0, createdBy=5a881701729, createdName=小树熊, createdTime=Sun Jul 29 08:40:03 CST 2018, time=2018-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334833, encodeId=82b03348331e, content=已学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20231215/ac08b4d4cecf4bd3b9af86e00dcbca38/f6b6a60efd854ff191eb5c611ec7dd12.jpg, createdBy=8afb2071832, createdName=15938038573红旗飘飘, createdTime=Sun Jul 29 06:56:18 CST 2018, time=2018-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334759, encodeId=9b34334e59a6, content=不做ct,afp阴性,就诊断肝癌,不是傻逼吗?这种病例也好意思拿出来讨论?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3d22107829, createdName=liaozongbing, createdTime=Sat Jul 28 20:37:27 CST 2018, time=2018-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1046318, encodeId=b0891046318ae, content=谢谢!最新的信息读起来就是收获大, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=guging, createdTime=Sat Jul 28 11:41:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-29 15938038573红旗飘飘

    已学习

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336296, encodeId=ceec3362964a, content=肝硬化的诊断和鉴别诊断。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/16/3b24606172648eea459125cb74754afe.jpg, createdBy=6c022216608, createdName=liumin1987, createdTime=Sat Aug 04 10:35:31 CST 2018, time=2018-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334859, encodeId=84eb334859c0, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRvvXNvY0kOJqn4liar3Q6V6yPuEIawCVUyP3jVADh5icIz0ibrsxia6fKAqKsDr33jPWrjqM3D7wcRNu/0, createdBy=5a881701729, createdName=小树熊, createdTime=Sun Jul 29 08:40:03 CST 2018, time=2018-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334833, encodeId=82b03348331e, content=已学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20231215/ac08b4d4cecf4bd3b9af86e00dcbca38/f6b6a60efd854ff191eb5c611ec7dd12.jpg, createdBy=8afb2071832, createdName=15938038573红旗飘飘, createdTime=Sun Jul 29 06:56:18 CST 2018, time=2018-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334759, encodeId=9b34334e59a6, content=不做ct,afp阴性,就诊断肝癌,不是傻逼吗?这种病例也好意思拿出来讨论?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3d22107829, createdName=liaozongbing, createdTime=Sat Jul 28 20:37:27 CST 2018, time=2018-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1046318, encodeId=b0891046318ae, content=谢谢!最新的信息读起来就是收获大, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=guging, createdTime=Sat Jul 28 11:41:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-28 liaozongbing

    不做ct,afp阴性,就诊断肝癌,不是傻逼吗?这种病例也好意思拿出来讨论?

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336296, encodeId=ceec3362964a, content=肝硬化的诊断和鉴别诊断。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/16/3b24606172648eea459125cb74754afe.jpg, createdBy=6c022216608, createdName=liumin1987, createdTime=Sat Aug 04 10:35:31 CST 2018, time=2018-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334859, encodeId=84eb334859c0, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRvvXNvY0kOJqn4liar3Q6V6yPuEIawCVUyP3jVADh5icIz0ibrsxia6fKAqKsDr33jPWrjqM3D7wcRNu/0, createdBy=5a881701729, createdName=小树熊, createdTime=Sun Jul 29 08:40:03 CST 2018, time=2018-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334833, encodeId=82b03348331e, content=已学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20231215/ac08b4d4cecf4bd3b9af86e00dcbca38/f6b6a60efd854ff191eb5c611ec7dd12.jpg, createdBy=8afb2071832, createdName=15938038573红旗飘飘, createdTime=Sun Jul 29 06:56:18 CST 2018, time=2018-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334759, encodeId=9b34334e59a6, content=不做ct,afp阴性,就诊断肝癌,不是傻逼吗?这种病例也好意思拿出来讨论?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3d22107829, createdName=liaozongbing, createdTime=Sat Jul 28 20:37:27 CST 2018, time=2018-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1046318, encodeId=b0891046318ae, content=谢谢!最新的信息读起来就是收获大, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=guging, createdTime=Sat Jul 28 11:41:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-28 guging

    谢谢!最新的信息读起来就是收获大

    0

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抑郁症在原发性胆汁性胆管炎(PBC)患者中普遍存在。笔者目的在于研究抑郁症和抗抑郁药对PBC患者肝预后的影响。

BMJ:酒精是中青年末期肝病死亡的重要因素

研究发现,自1999年以来,美国因肝硬化引起的死亡率一直在上升,在酒精性肝硬化风险驱动下,25-34岁人群的死亡风险大幅上升,凸显了民众对肝病预防意识的淡泊

Liver Int:结核性腹水:临床特征、微生物学发现和临床意义的研究

存在结核性腹水和自发性细菌性腹膜炎的患者在肝病的严重程度和整体预后方面具有高度的可比性。如果不及时治疗,很大一部分患者可能会继续产生腹水或发展为SBP。本研究的结果支持目前关于腹水感染的治疗指南,但不能确定诊断时症状性疾病的预后相关性。本研究建议,开始经验性抗生素治疗的门槛应该低一些,特别是对于严重晚期肝病的患者。

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