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桥本甲状腺炎应如何预防和治疗

2018-07-22 周颋 副主任医师 北京协和医院内分泌科 协和大夫聊健康

桥本甲状腺炎的发生是一个长期的过程,一般来说桥本甲状腺炎疾病的发生、发展分为5个阶段。

桥本甲状腺炎的发生是一个长期的过程,一般来说桥本甲状腺炎疾病的发生、发展分为5个阶段。

桥本甲状腺炎的5个发展阶段

第一阶段:具有桥本甲状腺炎的遗传倾向,即含有易感基因,甲状腺功能正常,抗体正常,自身无症状。因遗传易感基因的存在,某种情况下可能发病。

第二阶段:甲状腺受到攻击,出现乏力、颈部不适、焦虑、抑郁症状,但甲状腺功能还在正常范围,甲状腺球蛋白抗体、甲状腺过氧化酶抗体已经升高,临床上非常常见。即甲状腺自身抗体升高,甲功正常。

第三阶段:有临床症状,抗体升高,甲状腺功能也发生改变,TSH升高,但T3和T4是正常的,即亚临床甲状腺功能减退。有些人可能没有症状,有些人会有乏力、颈部不适、掉头发、大便干燥等症状。

第四阶段:TSH水平升高、T3、T4水平下降,说明甲状腺破坏严重,已经不能代偿,有些女性可能出现经期不规律、月经量的增多或减少、甚至排卵功能的障碍。此阶段需要用甲状腺激素替代治疗,有些人经替代治疗后,甲状腺功能恢复正常,症状可以缓解,但不能完全消失。

第五个阶段:桥本甲状腺是一种免疫性疾病,病因复杂,有可能是肠道的问题、食物敏感的问题、感染的问题等,自身免疫反应不仅只攻击甲状腺,还可能会攻击身体的其他部位。

因此,桥本甲状腺炎患者可能会合并其他自身免疫性疾病,包括常见的系统性红斑狼疮、类风湿关节炎、干燥综合征、银屑病等。

事实上,临床上很多系统性自身免疫性疾病的病人,也常合并有桥本甲状腺炎,但有些人可能是先存在桥本甲状腺炎,再发展为其他自身免疫性疾病。

但我们在临床上也看到很多系统性自身免疫性疾病患者在免疫科就诊,因为以前没有查过甲状腺不知道甲状腺是否有问题,后来查甲状腺发现甲状腺功能也受损。这个阶段说明整个免疫系统都受到了影响。

如何预防桥本甲状腺炎

目前的研究发现:虽然遗传在桥本甲状腺炎的发生中有着非常重要的作用,但外界环境影响更大一些。

研究发现:同卵双胞胎发生桥本甲状腺炎几率并不相同,发病概率为50%,相同的基因发病却存在差异,说明桥本甲状腺炎与环境因素相关性更大。

桥本甲状腺炎的三个诱发因素:一个是遗传因素,一个是压力和应激反应,另外就是肠道的通透性的改变,三个因素共同作用,导致桥本甲状腺炎的发生。所以我们在预防或控制桥本甲状腺炎,治疗和预防的过程中,这三个因素都需要加以注意。

遗传因素我们无法改变,避免肠道损伤或改变肠道的通透性,减轻压力,改善生存环境或状态,改变饮食习惯,这些我们可以做到。通过这些可以预防桥本甲状腺炎的发生。

如何治疗桥本甲状腺炎

桥本甲状腺炎的早期诊断非常重要。传统的西医治疗方法有限,主要通过激素的替代治疗来改善症状,很多患者在甲状腺功能正常以后,很多症状减轻了但没有消失,这与自身免疫相关,也与导致桥本甲状腺炎的诱发原因相关。比如,肝脏的解毒功能减退,压力导致肾上腺皮质功能减退等。

所以说,治疗桥本甲状腺炎,除了替代治疗,可能还要针对诱发因素做相关预防或治疗。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1580306, encodeId=d54d15803063c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb416989070' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#甲状腺炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69890, encryptionId=eb416989070, topicName=甲状腺炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=466b16623777, createdName=ms7517674339485982, createdTime=Tue Jul 24 08:13:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333663, encodeId=2b6133366367, content=好文章学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f6512108074, createdName=1581f80970m, createdTime=Mon Jul 23 20:30:58 CST 2018, time=2018-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333552, encodeId=ab56333552f6, content=学习了谢谢了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLPeNmuNF9ibgMfMOAs7Iic5MpiaU8RLmRH67xCKuk5wzfhb7G4ib7ia6z9lrnsTicj1nAUfEOMecZDtvvu/0, createdBy=d7f91939785, createdName=186****0580(小山羊), createdTime=Mon Jul 23 09:46:21 CST 2018, time=2018-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333425, encodeId=e21d33342563, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sun Jul 22 19:06:46 CST 2018, time=2018-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333418, encodeId=3a1f333418f1, content=好文章,学习获益匪浅。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jul 22 17:24:11 CST 2018, time=2018-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-23 1581f80970m

    好文章学习了

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1580306, encodeId=d54d15803063c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb416989070' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#甲状腺炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69890, encryptionId=eb416989070, topicName=甲状腺炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=466b16623777, createdName=ms7517674339485982, createdTime=Tue Jul 24 08:13:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333663, encodeId=2b6133366367, content=好文章学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f6512108074, createdName=1581f80970m, createdTime=Mon Jul 23 20:30:58 CST 2018, time=2018-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333552, encodeId=ab56333552f6, content=学习了谢谢了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLPeNmuNF9ibgMfMOAs7Iic5MpiaU8RLmRH67xCKuk5wzfhb7G4ib7ia6z9lrnsTicj1nAUfEOMecZDtvvu/0, createdBy=d7f91939785, createdName=186****0580(小山羊), createdTime=Mon Jul 23 09:46:21 CST 2018, time=2018-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333425, encodeId=e21d33342563, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sun Jul 22 19:06:46 CST 2018, time=2018-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333418, encodeId=3a1f333418f1, content=好文章,学习获益匪浅。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jul 22 17:24:11 CST 2018, time=2018-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-23 186****0580(小山羊)

    学习了谢谢了

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1580306, encodeId=d54d15803063c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb416989070' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#甲状腺炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69890, encryptionId=eb416989070, topicName=甲状腺炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=466b16623777, createdName=ms7517674339485982, createdTime=Tue Jul 24 08:13:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333663, encodeId=2b6133366367, content=好文章学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f6512108074, createdName=1581f80970m, createdTime=Mon Jul 23 20:30:58 CST 2018, time=2018-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333552, encodeId=ab56333552f6, content=学习了谢谢了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLPeNmuNF9ibgMfMOAs7Iic5MpiaU8RLmRH67xCKuk5wzfhb7G4ib7ia6z9lrnsTicj1nAUfEOMecZDtvvu/0, createdBy=d7f91939785, createdName=186****0580(小山羊), createdTime=Mon Jul 23 09:46:21 CST 2018, time=2018-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333425, encodeId=e21d33342563, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sun Jul 22 19:06:46 CST 2018, time=2018-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333418, encodeId=3a1f333418f1, content=好文章,学习获益匪浅。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jul 22 17:24:11 CST 2018, time=2018-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-22 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1580306, encodeId=d54d15803063c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb416989070' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#甲状腺炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69890, encryptionId=eb416989070, topicName=甲状腺炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=466b16623777, createdName=ms7517674339485982, createdTime=Tue Jul 24 08:13:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333663, encodeId=2b6133366367, content=好文章学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f6512108074, createdName=1581f80970m, createdTime=Mon Jul 23 20:30:58 CST 2018, time=2018-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333552, encodeId=ab56333552f6, content=学习了谢谢了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLPeNmuNF9ibgMfMOAs7Iic5MpiaU8RLmRH67xCKuk5wzfhb7G4ib7ia6z9lrnsTicj1nAUfEOMecZDtvvu/0, createdBy=d7f91939785, createdName=186****0580(小山羊), createdTime=Mon Jul 23 09:46:21 CST 2018, time=2018-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333425, encodeId=e21d33342563, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sun Jul 22 19:06:46 CST 2018, time=2018-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=333418, encodeId=3a1f333418f1, content=好文章,学习获益匪浅。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jul 22 17:24:11 CST 2018, time=2018-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-22 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    好文章,学习获益匪浅。

    0

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