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Hepatology: Kupffer细胞中的YAP促进非酒精性脂肪性肝炎的进展

2020-07-22 Doc. Zhu 免疫细胞研究bioworld

尽管非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)从非酒精性脂肪肝发展为非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)的确切机制仍有待进一步明确,但多种因素,包括脂肪毒性,氧化应激,肠道微生物群等与NAFLD的发病机制有关。

到目前为止,尽管非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)从非酒精性脂肪肝发展为非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)的确切机制仍有待进一步明确,但多种因素,包括脂肪毒性,内质网应激,氧化应激,肠道微生物群,以及表观遗传因素与NAFLD的发病机制有关。


Hippo通路及其效应蛋白,叶相关蛋白(YAP)与肝脏再生和癌变有关。机制上,活化的YAP进入细胞核,与转录因子TEA域 (TEAD)结合,促进靶基因的转录,调控细胞的存活、增殖和干性。虽然YAP的增殖和致癌作用已被证实,但它是否参与非肿瘤性肝病的发病机制尚不清楚。


2020年7月,来自美国新奥尔良杜兰大学医学院的Tong Wu教授课题组在Hepatology(IF: 14.679)杂志上发表题为“Yes-Associated Protein in Kupffer Cells Enhances the Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Promotes the Development of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis”的文章[1]。本研究中,作者报道Kupffer细胞(KCs)中的YAP可促进促炎细胞因子的产生并促进非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)的发展。数据显示,喂养高脂饲料(HFD)的野生型小鼠KCs中YAP的表达显着增加。本研究描述了YAP在KCs中调节NASH肝脏炎症的重要作用。该研究提示抑制YAP可能是NASH治疗的有效策略。


主要结果


研究人员首先检测了NCD-(5%脂肪)和HFD喂养(60%脂肪)小鼠肝脏中YAP的表达。发现与NCD喂养的小鼠相比,HFD喂养的小鼠肝脏中YAP表达增加。IHC和IF分析显示,HFD诱导的YAP主要定位于KCs,而HFD喂养小鼠的肝细胞只显示出微量的YAP染色。在IF条件下,用F4/80(巨噬细胞/KCs的标记物)对饲喂小鼠肝脏中的YAP进行共定位,发现NCD喂养的小鼠肝脏中YAP和F4/80水平较低。为了进一步表征YAP的表达和细胞内定位,利用流式细胞仪分析了YAP的表达。与NCD喂养的小鼠相比,HFD喂养小鼠F4/80阳性KCs的细胞核中YAP荧光强度增加。然后,研究人员从HFD和NCD喂养的小鼠中分离出原代KCs和肝细胞,通过qRTPCR检测YAP mRNA水平。YAP mRNA的表达在HFD喂养小鼠的基础KCs中显着上调。


在NAFLD环境中,KCs中Yap的减少可减轻炎症,但不能减轻脂肪变性。为了评估YAP在KCs中的作用,研究人员利用巨噬细胞/单核细胞特异性YAP敲除小鼠(YAP?KO)。与WT小鼠相比,HFD喂养的YAP?KO小鼠表现出AST和ALT水平下降。与WT小鼠相比,YAP?KO小鼠出现小叶炎症,尽管脂肪变性程度两组之间相当。接下来,分析了HFD喂养的YAP?KO小鼠肝脏中的促炎细胞因子的表达。发现,YAP?KO小鼠肝组织和分离的KCs中几种促炎细胞因子的表达降低,包括TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和MCP-1。此外,相比WT小鼠,YAP?KO小鼠肝脏中的F4/80阳性KCs数目明显减少。这些发现提示YAP在KCs中调节NAFLD中细胞因子的产生和肝脏炎症的重要作用。与HFD喂养的WT小鼠相比,来自HFD喂养的YAP?KO小鼠的KC M1标记分子(CD80和CD86)明显减少,而M2标记分子(Mgl2和Retlna)明显增多。


研究人员试图进一步确定LPS/TLR4信号是否会影响KCs中YAP的激活。通过用LPS孵育初级KCs,观察到LPS处理增加了YAP蛋白和mRNA, IF和qRT-PCR分析证实了这一点。流式细胞术分析显示LPS处理增加了F4/80阳性KCs的YAP蛋白。qRT-PCR分析显示LPS处理增加了KCs中YAP和TNF-α的表达。为进一步探讨TLR4在KCs中调控YAP的作用,研究人员利用巨噬细胞/单核细胞-特异性TLR4敲除(TLR4?KO)小鼠。与来自对照小鼠的KCs相比,来自TLR4?KO小鼠的KCs中LPS诱导的YAP表达明显减少。正如所料,来自TLR4?KO小鼠的KCs中TNF-α的mRNA水平也较低。这些发现揭示了LPS/TLR4信号通路在KCs中调控YAP的重要作用。


Yap激活增加KCs中促炎细胞因子的产生。为了描述YAP对促炎细胞因子表达的影响,我们分离了小鼠原代KCs,并将细胞转染组成活性型YAP (YAP5SA),其中五个Ser残基被Ala取代。通过在转染细胞中检测YAP IF,验证YAP转染成功。观察到活性YAP (YAP5SA)的过表达导致KCs中促炎细胞因子的产生显着增加,包括TNF-α、白介素1-(IL-1β)、IL-6和MCP-1。接下来我们利用YAP的药物性抑制剂verteporfin来评估其对细胞因子产生的影响。发现,verteporfin处理显着抑制了脂多糖诱导的促炎细胞因子的表达,包括TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和MCP-1。另外,verteporfin处理还抑制了LPS诱导的促炎细胞因子的启动子-荧光素酶活性。进一步,研究发现LPS通过活化AP-1诱导巨噬细胞Yap基因表达。


Yap抑制剂verteporfin可减轻NAFLD的肝脏炎症。为了评估YAP抑制对NASH治疗的潜在疗效,研究人员利用Yap抑制剂verteporfin来处理HFD喂养的小鼠。观察到verteporfin处理显着降低了肝脏转氨酶(AST和ALT)的水平。也显着抑制了KCs中促炎细胞因子的产生。与未治疗组相比,用verteporfin处理的小鼠表现出较少的小叶炎症,尽管两组均表现出相似程度的肝脂肪化。另一方面,观察到与未治疗组相比,经verteporfin处理组肝脏组织中F4/80阳性KCs降低。这些发现为应用YAP抑制剂治疗NASH提供了重要的临床前证据。


在NASH患者中Yap升高并与促炎细胞因子相关。为了评估所发现的临床相关性,研究人员使用NCBI数据库中获得的GEO数据集(GSE48452和GSE61260)对NASH患者进行基因表达分析。与正常肝脏相比,NASH患者肝脏组织中YAP表达明显升高。YAP水平与促炎细胞因子(IL-1细胞因子、MCP-1、TNF)表达呈正相关。YAP水平与M1标记物(CD80和CD86)呈正相关,与M2标记物(精氨酸酶1)呈负相关。此外,观察到YAP水平与肝纤维化分期和纤维化发生基因表达呈正相关。在IF分析下,研究人员观察到NASH患者肝脏组织中YAP表达增加,且与活化的人KC标记物CD14共局域化。该结果证明了YAP信号在KCs中的促炎作用,以及它与LPS/TLR4信号的串话在NASH发病机制中的作用。


结论


本研究结果表明,YAP介导的KC激活通过促炎细胞因子的产生和肝脏炎症的持续,对NASH的进展起关键作用。此外,表明了 LPS/TLR4信号通路转录激活KCs中的YAP,这为LPS介导的NAFLD进展中的炎症提供了机制上的见解。因此,抑制YAP可能是治疗NASH的一种策略。

 

原始出处:

Kyoungsub Song 1, Hyunjoo Kwon 1, Chang Han 1, et al.Yes-Associated Protein in Kupffer Cells Enhances the Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Promotes the Development of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.Hepatology. 2020 Jul;72(1):72-87. doi: 10.1002/hep.30990. Epub 2020 Apr 11.

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    2020-10-16 gujh
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    2020-10-07 qjddjq
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    2020-07-28 ms 内分泌科张

    学习

    0

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    2020-07-24 gwc384

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