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熟练掌握外科手术操作基本功

2015-05-25 佚名 医学之声

“书痴者文必工,艺痴者技必良”。练功必须痴迷,才能技良。执着基本功训练是对外科专业的强烈追求和高度敬业精神的体现。必须下定决心,明确目标,循序渐进,持之以恒,注意方法,做到台下练,台上用,心里想。经过1~2年认真训练、锻炼,才能在大脑建立牢固的条件反射,形成动作定型。练—熟—巧三步曲是长功得功的规律。一些高难度的技巧转针缝合法,要经过千万次的训练,在手术台上才能达到运用自如。颇像艺戏界常说的:“台

“书痴者文必工,艺痴者技必良”。练功必须痴迷,才能技良。执着基本功训练是对外科专业的强烈追求和高度敬业精神的体现。必须下定决心,明确目标,循序渐进,持之以恒,注意方法,做到台下练,台上用,心里想。经过1~2年认真训练、锻炼,才能在大脑建立牢固的条件反射,形成动作定型。练—熟—巧三步曲是长功得功的规律。一些高难度的技巧转针缝合法,要经过千万次的训练,在手术台上才能达到运用自如。颇像艺戏界常说的:“台上1分钟,台下10年功”。现结合笔者经验体会,重点介绍几种练功方法,供年青外科医师学习参考。


1 手的训练与要求

真正外科医师的手要具备:①力量:力量是技术的基础。外科医师的手,握力起码有30公斤,用咬骨钳咬断肋骨毫无困难。手的力量可通过各种训练获得。②速度:即反应要快、敏捷、神速。③灵活:腕关节(即手腕)、手指及关节协调灵活的动作,分指动作活动范围大而灵巧。④手感好:手是人的第二双眼睛,触摸精细物感觉确切,判断准确。以上要求可通过各种训练、锻炼获得提高。笔者提供几种简单有效的练手方法(图示1,2,3,4)以供参考。


2 止血钳套指飞转训练

如图5所示,用大号止血钳或持针器套入右手无名指指间关节,时快时慢飞转,训练提高手指对器械的控制力、灵活性,以及强化手脑的协调、结合,建立形成条件反射。久之,每当持拿各种手术器械均感觉轻快、稳准、有力,而且顺手、灵便。为手术操作达到“金标准”奠定重要基础。


3 打结的要求与训练

打结是手术技能中的核心技能,打结不好就不能参加手术。打结基本要求为:①正规:要求两手指与结扎点三点成一线,避免反结、滑结,拉用力适中均匀。②牢靠:结扎血管要求百分之百的安全可靠。③迅速:每分钟能打60个单结,飞快如自动化程度。④双手均能打结,做到左右开弓,熟练打方结、外科结。⑤深部打结:如胸科手术,用止血钳夹线尾,深部定位、定点打结。双手持捏长线提紧,结扎时手指顺线下滑用力,难度较大,要求较高。


图1 手指对抗训练


图2 手指伸展训练


图3 手指握拳训练


图4 中,食指外展,内收训练

图5 止血钳套无名指飞转训练


总之,打结要坚持台下练,台上用的原则。打结要千锤百炼,花耗时间最长。扣线神速,使人眼花?乱,常给人留下深刻印象。由于打结的难度,技巧性、实用性以及重要性为其他基本功之首。因此,打结应该成为衡量外科医师手术基本功熟练程度的最主要的依据,集中体现了手术者的艺术气质和技术成就。


4 持剪训练(练剪功)

剪刀是由两把刀子组成、具有多功能的手术器械。如剪开、剪断、剪线、游离等,在进行手术时不仅术者使用,助手、器械护士也用,是多人应用的手术器械。可通过训练来熟练掌握各种持剪法(用剪法),充分发挥剪刀多功能多方位作用。首先训练剪刀携带位与使用位的变换方法,直到熟练掌握。其次训练高难持剪技能,如反剪、倒剪及双手持剪法。各种常用剪法如图6,7,8,9,10所示。

由于在手术过程中应用剪刀的人最多,操作机会最多,时间最长。因此,对手术的安全、质量及速度影响也最大。所以,剪功特别受到同行高度重视和推崇。反剪、倒剪既是高超技能,也是非凡技巧,也颇难熟练掌握。


5 掌握法(一 把抓)持针器训练(图11,12,13)

训练时以拇指与中、食及小指握(抓)钳身,以食指压在钳轴近端,构成稳定力学三角,牢靠、稳定及有力。以拇指关节及大鱼际肌的活动来控制持针器的张开与闭合的动作范围,要反复进行张闭训练,体会要领,才能习惯这种持拿法。一旦手术实践中熟练掌握,就可在缝合时比较容易做到稳、准、轻、快及巧,达到金标准。而且可以正缝、反缝及转针缝合等多方位缝合的优点。持针器持拿方法,直接关系到缝合的速度和质量。相较而言,用一把抓来进行深部缝合,要比指套法和掌指法优越很多。因此,一把抓很值得推荐。


年青外科医师,作为代表外科将来的新生力量,应抓住有利时机,加强练功力度和创新精神,去迎接跨世纪的挑战。掌握了精湛的手术技能和过硬的手术本领,就说明在成长的过程中,已迈出最主要最艰难的一步。另外也要认识到,不管在现在和将来,新的先进的外科技术和外科治疗手段会不断产生,但近百年来外科手术操作实践所累积的宝贵经验和技巧,绝不会失去价值成为过去。因为任何先进的器械,都不能完全替代外科医师灵巧的双手。相反,手术基本功会成为将来更大发展的坚实基础。


图6 携剪法


图7 正剪法


图8 反剪法


图9 垂剪法


图10 倒剪法


图11 持针器指套法(传统法)


图12 持针器掌指法


图13 持针器掌握法(一把抓)


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    2017-05-31 梦幻阿里

    路漫漫其修远兮

    0

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    2015-07-26 shenyifeiyang

    好文!

    0

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    2015-07-05 Gsurgeon

    这绝对是好文

    0

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    2015-06-17 yaffile

    非常好

    0

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    2015-06-14 huangsong808

    学习了,干外科,医生不但需要扎实的理论知识,还要有熟练的外科技能。“卖油翁”就告诉了我们答案。路漫漫......

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=204586, encodeId=000020458657, content=路漫漫其修远兮, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/22/1b1c9df96ca1c98d3c48c03e145330e3.jpg, createdBy=6cb71998482, createdName=梦幻阿里, createdTime=Wed May 31 04:43:37 CST 2017, time=2017-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2053465, encodeId=980a205346585, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e68a5443149' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#手术操作#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54431, encryptionId=e68a5443149, topicName=手术操作)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5494471, createdName=HNYYM, createdTime=Mon Nov 09 06:19:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=33529, encodeId=701933529a0, content=好文!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=165, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8681634464, createdName=shenyifeiyang, createdTime=Sun Jul 26 20:02:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30739, encodeId=6ba030e3904, content=这绝对是好文, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=185, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0a6a1604604, createdName=Gsurgeon, createdTime=Sun Jul 05 06:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27955, encodeId=2e142e955b9, content=非常好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=183, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=033e102309, createdName=yaffile, createdTime=Wed Jun 17 15:19:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27611, encodeId=91102e61135, content=学习了,干外科,医生不但需要扎实的理论知识,还要有熟练的外科技能。“卖油翁”就告诉了我们答案。路漫漫......, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d031628224, createdName=huangsong808, createdTime=Sun Jun 14 23:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=26838, encodeId=7a2d2683805, content=支持, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=181, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c2332296, createdName=qiaoyingli, createdTime=Wed Jun 10 08:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25912, encodeId=14d4259120b, content=这个对刚入临床的人很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8d471627202, createdName=aa120, createdTime=Thu Jun 04 11:58:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25809, encodeId=3c1025809a2, content=真棒, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=73e81621958, createdName=Lindong, createdTime=Wed Jun 03 01:22:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25310, encodeId=5d5f253100d, content=缝合, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=151, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8d41608656, createdName=huanhuanpanda, createdTime=Fri May 29 18:13:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-10 qiaoyingli

    支持

    0

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    2015-06-04 aa120

    这个对刚入临床的人很有用

    0

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    2015-06-03 Lindong

    真棒

    0

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    2015-05-29 huanhuanpanda

    缝合

    0

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