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安非他明类药物滥用卷土重来,美国药物成瘾类医疗资源供不应求

2018-11-30 Mailman 动脉网

近日,动脉网通过外媒资讯获悉,《美国医学会杂志》最近的一项研究显示,2008年至2015年间,美国与安非他明(Amphetamines)相关的住院人数激增了约245%。相比之下,这使得因其他药物滥用而住院的比率相形见绌,其中阿片类药物增加了约46%,最显着的增长是在西部各州。

近日,动脉网通过外媒资讯获悉,《美国医学会杂志》最近的一项研究显示,2008年至2015年间,美国与安非他明(Amphetamines)相关的住院人数激增了约245%。相比之下,这使得因其他药物滥用而住院的比率相形见绌,其中阿片类药物增加了约46%,最显着的增长是在西部各州。

在美国,因使用安非他明而住院的人数急剧上升,但由于美国对阿片类药物的高度关注,安非他明这种药物的复苏在很大程度上被掩盖。

安非他明导致的住院和死亡人数激增,“完全不在人们的视线之内。”成瘾研究人员Jane Maxwell说,“没人注意。”

医生们在急诊科看到了这种药物卷土重来的证据,急诊室里的病人情绪激动、偏执、好斗。医护人员和警察则在大街上看到了这种情况,嫌疑人的心率非常高,在被送进监狱之前,他们需要被送往医院进行医疗检查。在一些州,如德克萨斯州和科罗拉多州,从甲基苯丙胺中获得的过量剂量已经超过了阿片类海洛因。

安非他明是一种苯丙胺类药物,也是中枢神经兴奋剂的一种,能够增加人的机敏性,暂时减轻疲劳感并增加攻击性。可用来治疗气喘、睡眠失常与过动症状,长期服用会产生依赖性,使人上瘾,带来幻觉和错觉。安非他明是治疗注意力缺陷多动障碍的法定药物,它的衍生药物是非法生产的甲基安非他明,即甲基苯丙胺。该研究中的大多数住院治疗都是由于甲基苯丙胺滥用。

俗称冰毒的甲基苯丙胺在上世纪90年代非常流行。美国执法官员说,近年来,美国国内冰毒实验室数量减少,从边境以南走私进来的冰毒数量明显增加。

警方表示,随着阿片类药物越来越难以获得,更多的人转向使用低价且易于获得的甲基苯丙胺。

25岁的Lupita Ruiz十几岁时就开始服用甲基苯丙胺,但她说自己已经戒了两年了。她曾因使用甲基苯丙胺导致精神崩溃而被送往医院两次,甚至在精神科病房待过一个月。她表示,使用甲基苯丙胺后,她的心跳很快,整晚睡不着觉。

过量使用甲基苯丙胺导致的死亡通常是由多器官衰竭和心脏病发作引起,此外异常脉搏率和飙升的血压引起的中风也会造成死亡。联邦政府估计,去年有超过1万人死于与甲基苯丙胺有关的药物过量。

在加州,与安非他明有关的过量死亡人数从2008年的456人上升到2013年的1036人,上升率为127%。与此同时,根据加州公共卫生部的最新数据,与阿片类药物相关的过量死亡人数从1784人增加到1934人,增幅为8.4%。

加州司法部的退休主管 Robert Pennal说:“这对卫生系统来说是一个令人难以置信的负担。”

此外,医疗成本也在上升。《美国医学会杂志》基于出院数据的研究发现,安非他明相关住院费用从2003年的4.36亿美元跃升至2015年的近22亿美元,医疗补助计划是主要的支付方式。

洛杉矶和圣克拉拉县的急诊室医生Tarak Trivedi说:“我每天都能看到有人因甲基苯丙胺而严重中毒。这是一个巨大的问题,它已经100%蔓延到急诊室。许多精神病患者也是甲基苯丙胺的使用者。有些人的行为非常危险,需要镇静或约束。”

短期内,这种药物会导致心率加快和高血压。从长远来看,它会导致焦虑、牙齿脱落和体重减轻。

北加利福尼亚州西斯基尤县的验尸官Jon Lopey表示,当地警官经常遇到有暴力倾向并且处于精神病发作期间的冰毒吸食者。许多人都很瘦弱,牙齿脱落,瞳孔放大,且伴有自残行为。

《美国医学会杂志》的研究发现,在美国全国范围内,安非他明相关的住院治疗主要是由于使用该药导致的心理健康血管并发症。大约一半的安非他明导致的住院治疗还涉及至少一种其他药物。

由于阿片类药物受到了如此多的关注,“我们没有像我们应该做的那样密切关注其他药物使用趋势。”研究作者,明尼阿波利斯Hennepin Healthcare的医生Tyler Winkelman博士说。

与阿片类药物成瘾不同,甲基苯丙胺成瘾不能通过药物治疗。他们更多地依靠门诊和住院治疗中心的咨询服务。加利福尼亚州奥克兰市高地医院的急诊室医生Erik Anderson表示,有时医生很难区分甲基苯丙胺中毒的症状和潜在的心理健康状况。患者也可能在使用甲基苯丙胺的同时使用其他药物。

阿片类药物的流行导致美国去年约4.9万人因过量服用此类药物而死亡,这促使两党联邦通过立法来改善这种情况,扩大治疗覆盖面并打击来自边境的毒品。

但最近,立法机构还没有对甲基苯丙胺或其他毒品采取类似措施。德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校成瘾研究所研究员Maxwell表示,用于安非他明成瘾的医疗资源根本不足以减少住院和死亡人数。

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    2018-12-29 zchen
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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1971155, encodeId=082119e11550a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=37ad3690ee3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#卷土重来#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36907, encryptionId=37ad3690ee3, topicName=卷土重来)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e87d405, createdName=Homburg, createdTime=Wed Dec 05 08:53:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1695703, encodeId=86051695e03f6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a6948e7452c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物成瘾#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87745, encryptionId=a6948e7452c, topicName=药物成瘾)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1e6429864127, createdName=tidiq, createdTime=Sat Aug 24 19:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-08-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1701569, encodeId=e23b1e015691d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bedc665998e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#滥用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66599, encryptionId=bedc665998e, topicName=滥用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea1030383785, createdName=zchen, createdTime=Sat Dec 29 01:53:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1346926, encodeId=46be1346926e1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a252351803c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医疗资源#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35180, encryptionId=a252351803c, topicName=医疗资源)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93e223, createdName=bluefate121, createdTime=Sat Dec 01 16:53:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1443237, encodeId=d574144323e9d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=51748e807c7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物滥用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87807, encryptionId=51748e807c7, topicName=药物滥用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5c1a5038471, createdName=ms6323715314570549, createdTime=Sat Dec 01 16:53:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=354025, encodeId=22f93540250a, content=学习学习再学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Fri Nov 30 06:07:40 CST 2018, time=2018-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2018-11-30 yjs木玉

    学习学习再学习

    0

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