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Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology:晶体关节炎新进展

2021-12-14 Shirley MedSci原创

痛风、焦磷酸钙沉积(CPPD)和碱性磷酸钙(BCP)相关疾病很常见,并导致肌肉骨骼残疾。本期重点介绍了钙晶体相关疾病的认识进展。

 

作用机制

Stücker及其同事概述了关节内BCP和CPP晶体之间的密切关系,强调控制焦磷酸盐代谢的蛋白质失调导致BCP或CPP晶体的形成。

他们概述了钙晶体可能导致骨关节炎进展的机制

BCP和CPP晶体与两种不同的软骨细胞表型有关;

BCP沉积与软骨细胞肥大有关

CPP沉积与软骨细胞衰老有关。

Williams和Rosenthal讨论了CPPD基础生物学的进展在罕见的家族性CPPD中发现ANKH和OPG突变虽然软骨一直是CPPD研究的重点,但他们认为软骨下骨内的破骨细胞发生紊乱可能在CPPD的发展中起关键作用

CPPD的治疗

CPPD的治疗选择仍然有限。Stack和McCarthy总结了目前治疗CPPD的选择,并指出抗炎策略是从痛风中推断出来的。虽然秋水仙碱、NSAID和皮质类固醇的处方最多,但抗IL1药物越来越多地用于临床实践,而NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂的开发可能代表了重要的治疗进展。CPPD管理的一个特殊挑战缺乏可以溶解沉积晶体的药物。Stack和McCarthy还描述了开发新型胞外核苷酸焦磷酸酶/磷酸二酯酶(eNNPP1)抑制剂,该抑制剂可能减弱人类软骨中ATP诱导的CPP晶体形成。

CPPD的管理在临床实践中特别复杂是因为乏针对既定疗法或新型药物的随机对照试验

痛风

谈到痛风,Leask和Merriman所描述的全基因组关联研究(GWAS)迅速推进我们对高尿酸血症和痛风的生物学基础的理解。尿酸排泄很复杂,涉及多种不同的转运体。该综述描述了通过PDZK1蛋白的常见途径,受HNF4α调节,协调许多尿酸转运蛋白的表达。PDZK1遗传变异是与尿酸盐水平变异相关的前10个位点之一。在将PDZK1等位基因引入斑马鱼的研究中证明了概念,并证明了促进尿酸盐转运蛋白的增强子活性增加。

Woodward和Halperin以这些遗传发现为基础,对尿酸稳态进行了详细审查。尿酸是一种关键分子,用于与其他代谢活性阴离子交换,包括乳酸、酮戊二酸、β-羟基丁酸和柠檬酸循环中间体。除了这些葡萄糖代谢的废物外,尿酸还通过尚未完全确定的机制与钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白SLGT1和SGLT2相互作用。此外,重要的是,尿酸转运蛋白也在胃肠道和肝脏中表达。在肝脏中,内源性嘌呤进入肝细胞。转化为尿酸盐后,通过表达于肝细胞顶端的尿酸盐转运通道排出体外。

在痛风临床研究中,评估治疗方法因痛风发作时的测量标准不一致而受到阻碍。Stewart、Dalbeth和Gaffo认为痛风发作是复杂的、非二元性事件(如经常测量的那样)。痛风发作因强度和持续时间而异(也受抗炎药物的影响)。随着时间的推移,受试者之间的复发或爆发频率也存在差异。痛风患者对痛风发作的多维体验可以用一系列症状来说明,包括发作特征,以及发作对功能、心理因素、家庭和社会生活的影响。患者将缓解定义为零痛风发作(跨越6个月或12个月),将低疾病活动定义为每6个月1次发作(或每12个月1-3次发作)。

Stamp和Farquhar回顾了2020ACR痛风管理指南。描述了IL-1抑制对痛风发作的功效。尽管有效,但抑制IL-1的高昂成本仍然是阻碍其高频使用的主要原因。新型NLRP3炎症小体药物在早期的小型2a期研究中显示出前景。在抗炎预防方面,FORTUNE试验表明,开始尿酸治疗的方法是从低剂量开始、循序渐进(在8周内将非布司他使用至40毫克)。这种策略可能有利于希望减少多种药物的使用或可能有大于3个月的抗预防治疗存在禁忌的患者。

Stamp和Farquhar讨论到充分证实黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂、促尿酸排泄剂和聚乙二醇化酶治疗的益处。关于非布司他心血管安全性和最小化聚乙二醇化酶免疫原性的具体问题。作者对FAST研究的结果(6%失访的结果比CARES的研究结果更加可信(45%失访),因此建议向患者介绍非布司他治疗的患者发生心血管疾病的风险。为了降低pegloticase的免疫原性,预先和共同施用免疫抑制剂具有文献价值。正在进行的试验正在探索潜在的聚乙二醇化酶负荷剂量对降低免疫原性的益处。作者根据指南建议和临床试验数据推荐了针对目标的降尿酸策略。这些建议包括治疗CKD患者,≥3期别嘌呤醇可以安全缓慢滴定以达到SU目标。患者教育策略(通过护理访问有效地完成或提醒(药房自动提醒的影响较小)可以提高依从性和临床结果。

最后,患者和许多提供者仍然对饮食来控制痛风感兴趣。Danve、Sehra和Neogi回顾了特定饮食、体重减轻和特定饮食因素对尿酸水平、痛风发作或复发性痛风发作的影响。作者提醒我们,虽然饮食很重要,但与遗传学或药物干预相比,饮食对上述结果的贡献很小,医疗保健专业人员应注意避免因为饮食问题责备患者。对于大多数患者,单靠饮食干预的效果不足以控制痛风,因此应作为药物治疗的辅助治疗。

虽然这个问题突出了在理解晶体关节炎的疾病机制和管理方法方面取得的重要进展,但仍有许多未解决的研究问题。Covid-19大流行对结晶性关节炎患者的影响在很大程度上仍然未知,只有少数研究报告了痛风患者的健康结果或疾病管理,并且在撰写本文时,还没有关于CPPD患者的公开数据。

此外,对于CPPD,显然需要建立多中心合作,以进一步了解该疾病的生物学基础,进一步定义临床表型,并使用经过验证的结果测量来测试既定和新的治疗方法。对于痛风,虽然高尿酸血症的生物学基础已经确立,但尚不清楚哪些其他因素会导致临床明显痛风的发展以及严重疾病的发展。此外,尽管痛风的治疗策略已为人们所熟知,但已建立的最佳管理指南与临床实践中痛风管理的现实之间仍存在长期存在的差距。

 

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    2022-05-20 wincls
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2062570, encodeId=18d820625e092, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=872c15438a4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Rheumatology#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15438, encryptionId=872c15438a4, topicName=Rheumatology)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3307462, createdName=风铃821, createdTime=Wed Jan 12 19:02:10 CST 2022, time=2022-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2051735, encodeId=eebe2051e3549, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=95f8e042dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#EST#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7042, encryptionId=95f8e042dd, topicName=EST)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e9a6357, createdName=xiangyuzhou971, createdTime=Fri Sep 23 20:02:10 CST 2022, time=2022-09-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2084043, encodeId=2fb2208404398, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=29091460e26' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#practice#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14607, encryptionId=29091460e26, topicName=practice)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=991e83, createdName=wincls, createdTime=Fri May 20 12:02:10 CST 2022, time=2022-05-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1266374, encodeId=edea12663e48e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57a53011364' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#关节炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30113, encryptionId=57a53011364, topicName=关节炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f90281, createdName=lmm397, createdTime=Thu Dec 16 06:02:10 CST 2021, time=2021-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1507825, encodeId=b7b5150e825a7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8764484014' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#clinical#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4840, encryptionId=8764484014, topicName=clinical)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1ee59933733, createdName=zll0628, createdTime=Thu Dec 16 06:02:10 CST 2021, time=2021-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1557864, encodeId=5eb9155e8643a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d2601533982' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Research#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15339, encryptionId=d2601533982, topicName=Research)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96ab14929432, createdName=yangshch, createdTime=Thu Dec 16 06:02:10 CST 2021, time=2021-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-12-16 lmm397
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2062570, encodeId=18d820625e092, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=872c15438a4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Rheumatology#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15438, encryptionId=872c15438a4, topicName=Rheumatology)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3307462, createdName=风铃821, createdTime=Wed Jan 12 19:02:10 CST 2022, time=2022-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2051735, encodeId=eebe2051e3549, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=95f8e042dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#EST#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7042, encryptionId=95f8e042dd, topicName=EST)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e9a6357, createdName=xiangyuzhou971, createdTime=Fri Sep 23 20:02:10 CST 2022, time=2022-09-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2084043, encodeId=2fb2208404398, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=29091460e26' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#practice#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14607, encryptionId=29091460e26, topicName=practice)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=991e83, createdName=wincls, createdTime=Fri May 20 12:02:10 CST 2022, time=2022-05-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1266374, encodeId=edea12663e48e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57a53011364' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#关节炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30113, encryptionId=57a53011364, topicName=关节炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f90281, createdName=lmm397, createdTime=Thu Dec 16 06:02:10 CST 2021, time=2021-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1507825, encodeId=b7b5150e825a7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8764484014' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#clinical#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4840, encryptionId=8764484014, topicName=clinical)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1ee59933733, createdName=zll0628, createdTime=Thu Dec 16 06:02:10 CST 2021, time=2021-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1557864, encodeId=5eb9155e8643a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d2601533982' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Research#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15339, encryptionId=d2601533982, topicName=Research)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96ab14929432, createdName=yangshch, createdTime=Thu Dec 16 06:02:10 CST 2021, time=2021-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-12-16 zll0628
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    2021-12-16 yangshch

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