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Elife :运动是如何通过免疫系统抑制肿瘤生长的?

2020-11-05 王木木 生物探索

运动能够促进人体的新陈代谢,增强心肺功能,加强肌肉、韧带和骨骼等,具有全身性的广泛益处。先前的研究表明,除了可以锻炼身体外,运动还具有减少恶性肿瘤的进展,改善多种癌症预后的功能。

如同伏尔泰说的“生命在于运动”,运动能够促进人体的新陈代谢,增强心肺功能,加强肌肉、韧带和骨骼等,具有全身性的广泛益处。先前的研究表明,除了可以锻炼身体外,运动还具有减少恶性肿瘤的进展,改善多种癌症预后的功能。然而,运动是如何发挥其对癌症抑制作用的目前仍未可知。

近日,来自瑞典卡罗林斯卡医学院和英国剑桥大学的研究人员在《eLife》上发表了题为Cytotoxic T-cells mediate exercise-induced reductions in tumor growth的研究成果,其解析了运动减缓小鼠的癌症进展的机制,即身体活动会改变体内免疫系统细胞毒性T细胞的代谢,从而提高了其攻击癌细胞的能力。

众所周知,剧烈的体力活动会导致代谢的变化,细胞毒性T细胞在控制肿瘤生长中具有关键作用,而免疫细胞的活性又与其代谢密切相关。因此研究人员猜测,免疫反应代谢的改变是运动对癌症风险和进展的潜在影响机制。

为了验证这一猜想,研究人员使用注射了I3TC细胞系(MMTV-PyMT模型小鼠乳腺癌细胞系)的FVB自交系小鼠癌症模型进行评估。其将患癌的小鼠分为两组,一组让他们定期在纺车中运动,而控制另一组保持不活动的状态。一段时间后检测发现,与不活动的小鼠相比,定期运动显着降低了小鼠肿瘤的生长并增加了其存活时间。使用流式细胞术对两组小鼠接种肿瘤,脾脏和肿瘤引流淋巴结的单细胞悬液进行分析,发现在运动小鼠的这三个组织中CD8+T细胞频率显着增加。

为了确定CD8+T细胞在运动减缓肿瘤生长中的作用,研究人员对两组患癌小鼠进行注射CD8抗体处理来消耗CD8+T细胞,结果发现CD8+T细胞的耗竭减少了脾脏和肿瘤中的CD8 +群体,使运动对小鼠肿瘤生长和生存期的益处显着降低。这表明运动抑制肿瘤发展方面的显着作用是依赖于细胞毒性T细胞的。

CD8+T细胞的消耗减弱了运动增强的抗癌效果

然后,研究人员分离了运动后小鼠的肌肉和血浆以及多个组织的淋巴结进行了代谢组学研究,发现运动减少了骨骼肌中糖酵解代谢物的频率,增加了肌肉和血浆中的柠檬酸,富马酸和苹果酸等TCA代谢物的频率。此外,运动后的乳酸水平也出现高水平的上升。

对这些运动诱导的代谢产物与CD8+T细胞间的作用研究,可以观察到这些增加的代谢产物能够修饰CD8 + T细胞的激活,且L-乳酸钠存在下激活的CD8+T细胞对肿瘤靶细胞的细胞毒性表现出增加。对运动后体内CD8 + T细胞代谢组进行检测,发现体内CD8+T细胞的代谢也确实发生了变化。

急性运动改变了血浆和淋巴器官的代谢特征

代谢物改变了CD8+ T细胞效应体的结构

为了进一步确定运动对CD8+T细胞群体功能的影响,研究人员将运动小鼠中的CD8+T细胞转移至不运动的黑色素瘤小鼠中,检测其肿瘤生长情况,结果表明,移植的靶标特异性CD8+T细胞具有增强的抗肿瘤能力,且功效持久。与对照相比,移植后的不运动小鼠的肿瘤生长速率显着降低,存活率得到明显提高。

运动小鼠的CD8+T细胞抗肿瘤能力增强

在上述研究的基础上,研究人员还发现,可以通过每日注射与剧烈运动时水平相当的L-乳酸钠实现对肿瘤生长的延迟和存活率提高的作用,而L-乳酸钠的这一功效,也是依赖作用于体内的CD8+T细胞而介导的。

该研究的作者Helene Rundqvist表示:“我们的研究表明,运动会影响可以激活抗癌免疫细胞的几种分子和代谢物的产生。我们也希望这些结果能有助于更深入地了解我们的生活方式如何影响我们的免疫系统,可以为开发新的抗癌免疫疗法提供一些信息。”

原始出处:
Helene Rundqvist, Pedro Velia, Laura Barbieri,et al.Cytotoxic T-cells mediate exercise-induced reductions in tumor growth.Elife. 2020 Oct 23;9:e59996. doi: 10.7554/eLife.59996.

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    2021-01-11 clmlylxy
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    2020-12-14 膀胱癌
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2068626, encodeId=87a6206862649, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=59371088215' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Life#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10882, encryptionId=59371088215, topicName=Life)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Mon Jan 11 19:48:46 CST 2021, time=2021-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2076679, encodeId=3c4720e667984, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4c00549381e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制肿瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54938, encryptionId=4c00549381e, topicName=抑制肿瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4736501, createdName=xiaoyang_ambs, createdTime=Thu Aug 05 09:48:46 CST 2021, time=2021-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1973091, encodeId=7b1c19e3091e6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=72d566e3a6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#eLife#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6673, encryptionId=72d566e3a6, topicName=eLife)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/C2EFD5CFB07FE291138AD4FD0C98E3DE/100, createdBy=e3d52500031, createdName=膀胱癌, createdTime=Mon Dec 14 03:48:46 CST 2020, time=2020-12-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=903182, encodeId=3e9590318293, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJTbtOPGhXA0W0Z0yCnAhm8Z7cm9asYD4ggUChfB44teBia9zTjt4MsicCKm7ib1hBRacxpDvUvhXaXw/132, createdBy=598e5306448, createdName=黄喵, createdTime=Sun Nov 29 00:46:13 CST 2020, time=2020-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=898600, encodeId=ae0a89860069, content=生命在于运动好好学习,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201112/28b1007efa5e4214a6c114d4ce61a58a/0c67ae6cd43a440e8802a86e0423a362.jpg, createdBy=d1085432060, createdName=ms1000000758418911, createdTime=Thu Nov 12 01:14:24 CST 2020, time=2020-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=897274, encodeId=e60e89e27446, content=生命在于运动, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3j7ibEWPiarwpqibEYqqX9yVibV5uebib0O7hQSOPmqGrb5FfyDbLsLawnz7ShAb5ibtiayWgI5ClMTh5v/0, createdBy=a47c1614293, createdName=童小孩, createdTime=Fri Nov 06 10:23:16 CST 2020, time=2020-11-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=897160, encodeId=09d389e16038, content=生命在于运动哇, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=130, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=51725431630, createdName=ms4000001069884556, createdTime=Thu Nov 05 16:52:21 CST 2020, time=2020-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-11-29 黄喵

    学习

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2068626, encodeId=87a6206862649, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=59371088215' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Life#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10882, encryptionId=59371088215, topicName=Life)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Mon Jan 11 19:48:46 CST 2021, time=2021-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2076679, encodeId=3c4720e667984, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4c00549381e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制肿瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54938, encryptionId=4c00549381e, topicName=抑制肿瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4736501, createdName=xiaoyang_ambs, createdTime=Thu Aug 05 09:48:46 CST 2021, time=2021-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1973091, encodeId=7b1c19e3091e6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=72d566e3a6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#eLife#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6673, encryptionId=72d566e3a6, topicName=eLife)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/C2EFD5CFB07FE291138AD4FD0C98E3DE/100, createdBy=e3d52500031, createdName=膀胱癌, createdTime=Mon Dec 14 03:48:46 CST 2020, time=2020-12-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=903182, encodeId=3e9590318293, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJTbtOPGhXA0W0Z0yCnAhm8Z7cm9asYD4ggUChfB44teBia9zTjt4MsicCKm7ib1hBRacxpDvUvhXaXw/132, createdBy=598e5306448, createdName=黄喵, createdTime=Sun Nov 29 00:46:13 CST 2020, time=2020-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=898600, encodeId=ae0a89860069, content=生命在于运动好好学习,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201112/28b1007efa5e4214a6c114d4ce61a58a/0c67ae6cd43a440e8802a86e0423a362.jpg, createdBy=d1085432060, createdName=ms1000000758418911, createdTime=Thu Nov 12 01:14:24 CST 2020, time=2020-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=897274, encodeId=e60e89e27446, content=生命在于运动, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3j7ibEWPiarwpqibEYqqX9yVibV5uebib0O7hQSOPmqGrb5FfyDbLsLawnz7ShAb5ibtiayWgI5ClMTh5v/0, createdBy=a47c1614293, createdName=童小孩, createdTime=Fri Nov 06 10:23:16 CST 2020, time=2020-11-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=897160, encodeId=09d389e16038, content=生命在于运动哇, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=130, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=51725431630, createdName=ms4000001069884556, createdTime=Thu Nov 05 16:52:21 CST 2020, time=2020-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-11-12 ms1000000758418911

    生命在于运动好好学习,

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2068626, encodeId=87a6206862649, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=59371088215' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Life#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10882, encryptionId=59371088215, topicName=Life)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Mon Jan 11 19:48:46 CST 2021, time=2021-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2076679, encodeId=3c4720e667984, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4c00549381e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制肿瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54938, encryptionId=4c00549381e, topicName=抑制肿瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4736501, createdName=xiaoyang_ambs, createdTime=Thu Aug 05 09:48:46 CST 2021, time=2021-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1973091, encodeId=7b1c19e3091e6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=72d566e3a6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#eLife#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6673, encryptionId=72d566e3a6, topicName=eLife)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/C2EFD5CFB07FE291138AD4FD0C98E3DE/100, createdBy=e3d52500031, createdName=膀胱癌, createdTime=Mon Dec 14 03:48:46 CST 2020, time=2020-12-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=903182, encodeId=3e9590318293, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJTbtOPGhXA0W0Z0yCnAhm8Z7cm9asYD4ggUChfB44teBia9zTjt4MsicCKm7ib1hBRacxpDvUvhXaXw/132, createdBy=598e5306448, createdName=黄喵, createdTime=Sun Nov 29 00:46:13 CST 2020, time=2020-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=898600, encodeId=ae0a89860069, content=生命在于运动好好学习,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201112/28b1007efa5e4214a6c114d4ce61a58a/0c67ae6cd43a440e8802a86e0423a362.jpg, createdBy=d1085432060, createdName=ms1000000758418911, createdTime=Thu Nov 12 01:14:24 CST 2020, time=2020-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=897274, encodeId=e60e89e27446, content=生命在于运动, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3j7ibEWPiarwpqibEYqqX9yVibV5uebib0O7hQSOPmqGrb5FfyDbLsLawnz7ShAb5ibtiayWgI5ClMTh5v/0, createdBy=a47c1614293, createdName=童小孩, createdTime=Fri Nov 06 10:23:16 CST 2020, time=2020-11-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=897160, encodeId=09d389e16038, content=生命在于运动哇, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=130, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=51725431630, createdName=ms4000001069884556, createdTime=Thu Nov 05 16:52:21 CST 2020, time=2020-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-11-06 童小孩

    生命在于运动

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2068626, encodeId=87a6206862649, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=59371088215' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Life#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10882, encryptionId=59371088215, topicName=Life)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Mon Jan 11 19:48:46 CST 2021, time=2021-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2076679, encodeId=3c4720e667984, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4c00549381e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制肿瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54938, encryptionId=4c00549381e, topicName=抑制肿瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4736501, createdName=xiaoyang_ambs, createdTime=Thu Aug 05 09:48:46 CST 2021, time=2021-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1973091, encodeId=7b1c19e3091e6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=72d566e3a6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#eLife#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6673, encryptionId=72d566e3a6, topicName=eLife)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/C2EFD5CFB07FE291138AD4FD0C98E3DE/100, createdBy=e3d52500031, createdName=膀胱癌, createdTime=Mon Dec 14 03:48:46 CST 2020, time=2020-12-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=903182, encodeId=3e9590318293, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJTbtOPGhXA0W0Z0yCnAhm8Z7cm9asYD4ggUChfB44teBia9zTjt4MsicCKm7ib1hBRacxpDvUvhXaXw/132, createdBy=598e5306448, createdName=黄喵, createdTime=Sun Nov 29 00:46:13 CST 2020, time=2020-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=898600, encodeId=ae0a89860069, content=生命在于运动好好学习,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201112/28b1007efa5e4214a6c114d4ce61a58a/0c67ae6cd43a440e8802a86e0423a362.jpg, createdBy=d1085432060, createdName=ms1000000758418911, createdTime=Thu Nov 12 01:14:24 CST 2020, time=2020-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=897274, encodeId=e60e89e27446, content=生命在于运动, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3j7ibEWPiarwpqibEYqqX9yVibV5uebib0O7hQSOPmqGrb5FfyDbLsLawnz7ShAb5ibtiayWgI5ClMTh5v/0, createdBy=a47c1614293, createdName=童小孩, createdTime=Fri Nov 06 10:23:16 CST 2020, time=2020-11-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=897160, encodeId=09d389e16038, content=生命在于运动哇, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=130, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=51725431630, createdName=ms4000001069884556, createdTime=Thu Nov 05 16:52:21 CST 2020, time=2020-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-11-05 ms4000001069884556

    生命在于运动哇

    0

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免疫检查点抑制剂是一种很有前景的癌症免疫疗法,但在许多肿瘤中,低应答率限制了其进一步应用。尽管科学家们已经开发出一些联合疗法来增强免疫检查点抑制剂的疗效,但在多种肿瘤模型中这些疗法仍未产生良好的肿瘤。

Nat Metab:细胞的“酸碱体质”可以调节肿瘤生长

癌细胞的生长和增殖增强伴随着细胞代谢的深刻变化。这些代谢变化在生理条件下也是常见的,包括葡萄糖酵解增加,伴随着细胞pH值(pHc)的升高。然而,至今为止,这些变化如何帮助增强细胞的生长和增殖还不清楚。

Nature:除了抗PD-1,还可以通过磷酸酶募集来抑制免疫受体

拮抗细胞外受体-配体相互作用的抗体可以抑制细胞表面受体的信号传递,目前广泛应用于包括肿瘤在内的多种疾病的治疗。比如,共受体(如PD-1和CTLA-4)对T细胞信号的调节一直是肿瘤免疫治疗的关键。

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