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护士须知!气管插管气囊漏气全面解读

2018-05-17 高金波 中国护理管理

关于气管插管气囊漏气的所有知识都在这了。

关于气管插管气囊漏气的所有知识都在这了。

气囊漏气的原因

气囊作为气管内导管的重要装置,有三大主要作用:

固定插管;

封闭气道,保证机械通气;

防止反流误;



临床中,往往存在气囊压力不足及气囊漏气的现象,主要原因有几个方面:

1、人员方面

(1)缺乏人工气囊管理的专业知识培训,气囊压监测及管理意识缺乏。

(2)临床工作繁忙,缺乏专业人员进行管理。

2、材料方面

气囊材质和气囊种类的差异性导致气囊隐形漏气发生率的差异性。

3、技术方面

(1)对于长期带管机械通气的患者,没有选择合适的插管及套管型号。

(2)气囊充气的时机和频率、充气量、充气方法及需要重点监测气囊压的患者相关知识缺乏。

(3)气囊漏气的监测和处理专业技术缺乏。

临床如何监测和判断气囊漏气?

(1)呼吸机低通气量报警。

(2)呼吸机容量时间曲线提示(如图)。

(3)听诊有漏气声(如患者颈部有喉鸣音)。



(4)气囊压监测装置显示气囊压过低。

(5)口鼻及气管切口处有无泡沫状分泌物[1]。

如何有效预防漏气?

1.选择合适的气管插管和套管材质,建议聚氨酯制成的园锥形气管导管[2]。

2.对于长期带管机械通气的患者,需要选择合适的插管及套管型号。只有当气管插管型号与气管直径匹配时,气囊压才受气囊充气量及气管壁压力两方面的共同影响,测压表显示的才是两者间的压力。

3.气囊充气方法

有五种。分别是指触感觉法、最小漏气技术、最小闭合技术、气囊测压表、自动充气泵。早已不推荐根据经验判定充气的指触法给予气囊充气[3],传统的最小漏气技术将减少气道损伤放在首位,而最小闭合技术意在避免误吸。

事实是否如此呢?有呼吸治疗师曾经用针筒给10多位病人用最小闭合技术进行气囊充气后再用气囊测压表进行检测,发现压力在14-24cmH2O不等,均没有达到目标压力。专家共识推荐[4],不宜在临床常规应用这两项技术对气囊进行充气,而应该用气囊测压和自动充气泵表进行充气。

4.气囊需要充气的患者

多数情况下,为了使呼吸机、呼吸机环路及病人的肺形成一个密闭的回路,同时也降低病人误吸的风险,我们需要将气囊充气。但对于一些已经撤离呼吸机、自主进食无呛咳、吞咽功能良好,气道保护能力较好且不存在上气道梗阻的气切病人,气囊不需要进行充气,既减少了对气管壁的压迫,也可通过上气道进行自主呼吸,接上语音阀后还能进行交流。

5.气囊充气的频率和充气量

因为存在隐形漏气的因素,至少每4小时需要监测并充气至合适范围,手动测压时充气压力宜高于理想值2cmH2O[4];充气量以气囊压维持在正常范围,专家推荐的是25-30cmH2O[4]。

6.气囊充气的时机

因为气囊压会受到患者体位,气囊上滞留物刺激,吸痰操作,患者对导管耐受性及导管位置,因此必须在出现这些可能影响气囊压的相关因素时,积极监测并处理。例如,在给患者翻身和吸痰后必须再次监测和充气,气囊刚好卡在声门时需调整导管位置,及时清除气囊上分泌物等。

气囊漏气后的处理

1.立即使用测压表给气囊充气至合适范围。

2.如果出现要频繁给气囊加气才能维持气道封闭的情况,可能是:

(1)气囊或气囊管有破损:常规做好紧急更换人工气道的必要准备,备好同样型号或偏小的气管插管及气切套管、一旦气囊漏气,及时更换导管。

(2)气囊管末端阀门失灵:在气囊管末端连接一个三通管代替阀门。

(3)导管位置不正确,气囊位于声门以上:调整插管及管路的位置。

原始出处:

[1]李鸿,黄坤秀.1例坠积性肺炎患者气管套管气囊漏气致心跳呼吸骤停的护理[J].护理实践与研究, 2013 ,10(15):158-159.

[2]Lorente L1, Lecuona M, Jiménez A,et al. Influence of an endotracheal tube with polyurethane cuff and subglottic secretion drainage on pneumonia.Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007 Dec 1;176(11):1079-83.

[3]LiuJ1ZhangX,GongW,Lis,WangF,FuS,ZhangM,HangY.Correlations between controlled endotracheal tube cuff pressure and postproceduralcomplications:a multicenter study.Anesth Analg. 2010 Nov;111(5):1133-7.

[4]李洁,孙兵等.人工气道气囊的管理专家共识(草案)[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2014,37(11):816-819.

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1472357, encodeId=a8fa14e23577e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4ea863841a9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#气管插管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63841, encryptionId=4ea863841a9, topicName=气管插管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cb5b7213173, createdName=yangfl08, createdTime=Sat May 19 14:54:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=316219, encodeId=05db31621997, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Fri May 18 07:10:24 CST 2018, time=2018-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=316176, encodeId=3d5d3161e689, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Fri May 18 05:20:43 CST 2018, time=2018-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=316170, encodeId=126a3161e071, content=学习学习再学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Fri May 18 05:11:01 CST 2018, time=2018-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=316155, encodeId=fa783161556d, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/05/13/e51eda1902bf3197b7b2a48e1ba1e39c.jpg, createdBy=6a672335244, createdName=724765917_36481625, createdTime=Fri May 18 00:21:36 CST 2018, time=2018-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=316142, encodeId=ed5f316142b7, content=厉害了我的哥, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Fri May 18 00:08:25 CST 2018, time=2018-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-18 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1472357, encodeId=a8fa14e23577e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4ea863841a9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#气管插管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63841, encryptionId=4ea863841a9, topicName=气管插管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cb5b7213173, createdName=yangfl08, createdTime=Sat May 19 14:54:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=316219, encodeId=05db31621997, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Fri May 18 07:10:24 CST 2018, time=2018-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=316176, encodeId=3d5d3161e689, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Fri May 18 05:20:43 CST 2018, time=2018-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=316170, encodeId=126a3161e071, content=学习学习再学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Fri May 18 05:11:01 CST 2018, time=2018-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=316155, encodeId=fa783161556d, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/05/13/e51eda1902bf3197b7b2a48e1ba1e39c.jpg, createdBy=6a672335244, createdName=724765917_36481625, createdTime=Fri May 18 00:21:36 CST 2018, time=2018-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=316142, encodeId=ed5f316142b7, content=厉害了我的哥, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Fri May 18 00:08:25 CST 2018, time=2018-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-18 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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    2018-05-18 yjs木玉

    学习学习再学习

    0

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    2018-05-18 724765917_36481625

    学习了

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    2018-05-18 飛歌

    厉害了我的哥

    0

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