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新闻背后丨2020诺贝尔生理学或医学奖为何颁给这3人

2020-10-05 兰琳宗 整理 中央纪委国家监委网站

当地时间10月5日,在瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩卡罗琳医学院,诺贝尔奖委员会总秘书长托马斯·佩尔曼宣布,2020年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予哈维·阿尔特(Harvey J. Alte

当地时间10月5日,在瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩卡罗琳医学院,诺贝尔奖委员会总秘书长托马斯·佩尔曼宣布,2020年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予哈维·阿尔特(Harvey J. Alter)、迈克尔·霍顿(Michael Houghton)和查尔斯·M·赖斯(Charles M. Rice),以表彰他们在“发现丙型肝炎病毒”方面作出的贡献,三位获奖者将分享1000万瑞典克朗奖金(约合760万元人民币)。

获奖的三人来自哪里?什么履历?

哈维·阿尔特

(Harvey J. Alter),美国病毒学家,出生在纽约市,1956年在罗彻斯特大学获得文学学士学位,1960年在该校得到医学学位。1964年与后来的诺贝尔奖得主巴鲁克·塞缪尔·布隆伯格发现了澳大利亚抗原,后来被认为是乙肝病毒的一部分。他还以动物模型来研究人体免疫缺陷病毒,并确定了丙型肝炎病毒。2000年获拉斯克临床医学研究奖,2013年获盖尔德纳国际奖。

迈克尔·霍顿

(Michael Houghton),英国生物化学家,参与开发丙型肝炎测试。霍顿1972年获东英吉利大学学士学位,并于1977年获伦敦大学国王学院生物学博士学位。然后,他在白金汉郡塞尔研究实验室工作,在1982年成为希龙公司的非甲非乙型肝炎部主管。

查尔斯·M·赖斯

(Charles M. Rice),美国病毒学家,其主要研究领域是丙型肝炎病毒。他是洛克菲勒大学的病毒学教授。他与Ralf F. W. Bartenschlager和Michael J. Sofia共同获得了2016年拉斯克-狄贝基临床医学研究奖。

什么是“丙型肝炎病毒”?

肝炎(hepatitis),是希腊语中的“肝”和“炎症”一词的组合。肝炎主要由病毒感染引起,但酗酒、环境毒素和自身免疫疾病等也是重要原因。

二战期间,英国医生麦凯阿伦把因粪便污染了食物和水后经消化道传播引起的肝炎称为“甲型肝炎”,因污染血液经输血传播引起的肝炎称为“乙型肝炎”。

1964年,美国生物学家布林伯格首次在澳大利亚土着人身上发现了“乙型肝炎表面抗原”(即“澳抗”或乙肝病毒)。1976,布林伯格(Baruch Blumberg)因对乙型肝炎的研究获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。

1974年Golafield首先报告输血后非甲非乙型肝炎。1989年美国科学家迈克尔·侯顿(Michael Houghton)和他的同事们利用一种新的技术手段——分子生物学方法,终于找到了病毒的基因序列,克隆出了丙肝病毒,并命名本病及其病毒为丙型肝炎(Hepatitis C)和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)。

2017年10月27日,世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构公布的致癌物清单初步整理参考,丙型肝炎病毒(慢性感染)在一类致癌物清单中。

为什么新冠病毒研究没有获今年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖?

仍在全球蔓延的新冠肺炎疫情,是第二次世界大战结束以来最严重的全球公共卫生突发事件。有人可能问了,在今年的疫情背景下,为啥诺贝尔生理学或医学奖没有颁给研究新冠病毒的科学家?

业内人士表示,诺贝尔科学类奖项一般都会颁给那些经受住时间考验的成就,譬如去年的诺贝尔化学奖颁给了锂电池方面的研究,而这项研究早在20世纪80年代就开始了。基于此,关于新冠的科学研究获奖可能性非常小。若是之后出现了相关的治疗方案、药物或是有效的疫苗阻止了疫情继续扩散,才有可能会成为未来的诺奖赢家。

什么是诺贝尔生理学或医学奖?

诺贝尔奖分设物理、化学、生理学或医学、文学、和平和经济学六个奖项。

生理学或医学奖,旨在表彰在生理学或医学领域作出重要发现或发明的人。1901年首次颁发,每年评选和颁发一次。

关于这个奖项,有一些有意思的数据:自1901年首次颁奖至2020年,诺贝尔生理学或医学奖已颁发111次,在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战期间,这一奖项很少颁发。

到目前为止,诺贝尔生理学或医学奖共有222位获奖者,至今无人二度获得该奖项。222位中,12人是女性。其中,美国细胞遗传学家Barabara McClintock是唯一一个由单个人独得该奖项的获奖者。最近一次获得该奖项的女科学家是来自中国的屠呦呦,她也是中国科学家在中国本土进行的科学研究首次获诺贝尔科学奖。

另,因着作《梦的解析》而名扬世界的奥地利精神病学家、心理学家弗洛伊德曾32次获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖提名,但终生未能得奖。

今年疫情下颁奖有何变化?

作为世界上科学和学术成就最具声望的奖项,按照惯例,诺贝尔奖得主名单会在每年10月上旬公布,随后在近两个月之后的12月10日举办一年一度的诺贝尔奖颁奖晚宴。12月10日是诺贝尔的逝世纪念日,每年的诺贝尔奖颁奖典礼都安排在这一天举行。

诺贝尔基金会首席执行官拉尔斯·海肯斯滕此前表示,受新冠疫情影响,诺贝尔基金会决定取消原定于12月10日在瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩举行的诺贝尔奖颁奖典礼。获奖者将不会按惯例被邀请至斯德哥尔摩,而是在各自国家获颁相关奖项。

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