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DDW 2016:罗马Ⅳ颁布功能性胃肠病诊断新标准

2016-06-07 佚名 中国医学论坛报

在2016 美国消化疾病周(DDW)召开的“罗马基金会和美国消化病学会(AGA)专题报告”会议上,罗马基金会主席、罗马Ⅳ标准总主编德罗斯曼(Douglas DDrossman)教授发布了“功能性胃肠病:罗马Ⅳ”出版的消息,并介绍了罗马Ⅳ标准的更新点;来自澳大利亚的塔利(Nicholas Talley)教授和西班牙的梅亚林(Fermin Mearin)教授分别就功能性消化不良(FD)和肠易激综合

在2016 美国消化疾病周(DDW)召开的“罗马基金会和美国消化病学会(AGA)专题报告”会议上,罗马基金会主席、罗马Ⅳ标准总主编德罗斯曼(Douglas DDrossman)教授发布了“功能性胃肠病:罗马Ⅳ”出版的消息,并介绍了罗马Ⅳ标准的更新点;来自澳大利亚的塔利(Nicholas Talley)教授和西班牙的梅亚林(Fermin Mearin)教授分别就功能性消化不良(FD)和肠易激综合征(IBS)诊断标准的更新及理由进行阐述,北京协和医院消化内科方秀才教授就与会者关注的主要内容进行介绍。

QQ图片20160601143422.png

图:方秀才教授和罗马IV 总主编Douglas D Drossman 教授(中)和多元文化分委会主席斯珀伯(Ami D Sperber)教授(左)在DDW

功能性胃肠病又称肠-脑互动异常

Drossman教授指出,人们对功能性胃肠病(FGIDs)的认识随着对疾病模式的认识转变和相关研究证据的更新而发生变,由单一的胃肠动力异常转变为包括神经胃肠病学和脑-肠互动等多方面的异常。

尽管如此,即使是在今天,许多人仍认为FGIDs是诊断不太确凿的疾病,患者会因为有这些症状而倍感羞耻,尽管这些症状是实实在在的。为了消除这种偏见,罗马基金会采用德尔菲(Delphi)表决方法为FGIDs提出了全新的定义,即肠-脑互动异常(disorders of gut-brain interaction)。因此,在即将出版的罗马Ⅳ专著中,功能性胃肠病又被称之为肠-脑互动异常,新的定义强调其症状产生与动力紊乱、内脏高敏感性、黏膜和免疫功能的改变、肠道菌群的改变以及中枢神经系统(CNS)处理功能异常有关。

基于此观点,在修订后的罗马Ⅳ诊断标准中,一些疾病不再冠以“功能性”一词,或修改为更体现疾病发病机制和该新观点的疾病名,如罗马Ⅲ中的“功能性腹痛综合征”修改为“中枢介导的腹痛综合征(CAPS)”。

新增章节阐述肠道微生态环境和多元文化对FGIDs的影响

目前,越来越多的研究资料表明,胃肠道感染、微生态环境和食物与FGIDs症状的产生、加重有关,食物、肠腔内环境的改变通过肠道菌群和宿主的相互作用,包括免疫和代谢反应而影响脑-肠轴的功能,进而影响FGIDs。感染后FD患者十二指肠嗜酸细胞浸润明显增加,这种改变与患者的症状明显相关。在罗马Ⅳ专著中新增一章专门阐述食物、肠道微生态对FGIDs的影响及其机制。

罗马基金会已经注意到,罗马标准发起者和支持诊断标准的资料多源于西方国家,罗马标准不可避免地受到西方世界文化观点的影响。越来越多的资料表明不同的文化背景可影响FGIDs患者对症状的表述、感受和就医行为。在大量调研和讨论的基础上,罗马Ⅳ在新增加章节“多元文化与FGIDs”

中深入讨论了罗马诊断标准是否在全球具有普遍适用性、环境和局部的“生物学”对FGIDs的流行病学和诊断的影响(比如卫生条件、食物、饮食习惯、对症状的理解和报告)等问题。

这些新增内容对我们全面理解FGIDs、促进跨文化合作交流具有重要指导意义。

诊断标准的修订

罗马Ⅳ对诊断标准的修订包括10个方面,主要内容如下。

1. 在不必要的情况下,在疾病名中删去了“功能性”一词。

Drossman教授认为,定语“功能性”有一定的局限性,意指不特异的和某种程度的贬义,因此,在罗马Ⅳ诊断标准中删去了每章标题疾病中“功能性”一词(如用“食管疾病”代替“功能性食管疾病”)。对某些疾病名也删去“功能性”一词(如用“大便失禁”代替罗马Ⅲ中的“功能性大便失禁”)。将“功能性腹痛综合征”变更为“中枢介导的腹痛综合征”,这种变更更利于理解这些疾病的发病机制,与新的脑-肠交互观点相一致,同时也可使“功能性”的“烙印”最小化。但是,对于一些临床疾病(如功能性腹泻、功能性烧心),罗马Ⅳ依然保留了“功能性”的冠名,旨在与那些病因明确的结构性疾病相鉴别。

2. 新增加的诊断

在食管疾病中增加了反流高敏感(reflux hypersensitivity)这一疾病,用于诊断一些患者的酸反流属于正常范围,但他们对生理性反流很敏感,因此出现烧心症状,以与功能性烧心甚或非糜烂性反流病(NERD)相鉴别。

3. 对肠道疾病症状谱的解释

强调将IBS、功能性便秘、功能性腹泻、功能性腹胀/膨胀不再作为特定的疾病来看待,其有着与病理生理机制特征相联系的症状谱,只是在临床上表现出来的症状数目、频度和严重度有差异,如便秘型IBS(IBS-C)和功能性便秘的诊断可能因腹痛

程度的变化而转换,IBS的亚型也可能随着粪便性状发生变化而改变。

4. 增加了几个已有明确病因的疾病

在胃十二指肠疾病中增加了大麻素呕吐综合征(cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome,CHS),在中枢介导的胃肠道疼痛病(罗马Ⅲ的功能性腹痛综合征)中增加了麻醉剂肠道综合征(narcotic bowel syndrome)/阿片引起的胃肠道高敏感(opioid-induced gastrointestinal hyperalgesia),在肠道疾病中增加了阿片引起的便秘(OIC)。这些疾病病因已经很清楚,并不是真正的“功能性”疾病,考虑其特征是中枢神经系统或肠神经系统功能异常,符合肠-脑互动异常的新定义;且这些疾病目前尚无

特定的归类,其临床表现与FGIDs类似,需要与功能性疾病鉴别。

此外,在IBS 的诊断标准中,罗马Ⅳ删去了腹部不适这一症状,将诊断的症状阈值调整为“ 近3个月内平均发作至少1日/周”,将“腹痛/腹部不适在排便后改善”修改为“腹痛和排便相关”;在分型标准中,将主导型粪便的判断调整为按“有不正常排便(至少1次)的天数中的粪便性状计算”。Mearin教授对上述修改的证据资料作了详细陈述。

罗马Ⅳ的制定是国际上来自23个国家的117位专家、历时6年完成的一项工作,他们对罗马Ⅲ颁布以来的研究资料和反馈意见进行了非常全面的收集,也成立多个研究小组开展相应的研究工作,旨在使修改后的诊断标准更具有临床指导性、可操作性和全球适用性。

Drossman 教授也指出,在临床实践中应用这套诊断标准也有一些局限性,当患者的临床表现符合设定的诊断标准时,我们可以作出诊断,以此为患者提供教育、指导临床处理和治疗试验,这样势必排除了那些在临床上遇到的不符合诊断标准但同样需要治疗的患者。还有,同一疾病不同亚型或不同严重程度的患者,其需要的处理也是不同的。

为了解决罗马分类系统的这些局限性,罗马基金会提出了用多维度临床资料剖析(MDCP)的方法,即通过对患者症状体验的多方位(包括临床症状、社会心理、生理、生活质量及其影响层面)梳理和整合,为患者制定个体化的治疗方案。

但我们也注意到,罗马Ⅳ委员会的绝大多数专家和引用的资料都来自西方国家,修订后的诊断标准是否适合中国人群,仍需要我们开展相应的验证研究。

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