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盘点:2015年癌症领域突破性研究TOP10

2015-12-29 佚名 生物谷

长期以来,科学家们在揭示癌症发病机制、开发治疗和预防癌症新型方法上花费了大量的精力,随着研究的深入及多种机制的发现,科学家们让癌症变成了一种可控的疾病。 近日,来自美国德州农工健康科学中心研究所的科学家就发现西兰花中名为萝卜硫素的提取物或许可以帮助治疗癌症;又有研究者发现冥想也可以帮助癌症的治疗;诸如这样积极的研究非常之多,也有研究者发现机体的其它组分或许会影响癌症的发生,比如一篇发表

长期以来,科学家们在揭示癌症发病机制、开发治疗和预防癌症新型方法上花费了大量的精力,随着研究的深入及多种机制的发现,科学家们让癌症变成了一种可控的疾病。

近日,来自美国德州农工健康科学中心研究所的科学家就发现西兰花中名为萝卜硫素的提取物或许可以帮助治疗癌症;又有研究者发现冥想也可以帮助癌症的治疗;诸如这样积极的研究非常之多,也有研究者发现机体的其它组分或许会影响癌症的发生,比如一篇发表在Science上的研究报告中,来自法国的科学家就发现肠道微生物竟然可以影响癌症免疫治疗效果。

2015年马上就要结束了,这一年里科学家们在癌症领域研究有哪些突破性的进展呢?小编盘点了2015年的10大亮点研究。

【1】一滴血 诊断癌症

来自阿姆斯特丹VUMC癌症中心的研究者掌握了一个突破性技术——在早期阶段通过单滴血检测不同类型的癌症。

目前我们主要通过扫描和组织活检来检测癌症,这些方法非常耗时、复杂并且昂贵,如CT扫描可以发现大的肿瘤,但是不能发现早期肿瘤。通过血液检测癌症的方法称为“液体活检”,它最大的优势是可以在早期检测出癌细胞。

首席研究员Tom Würdinger和他的研究团队发现癌症患者血液中的血小板具有特殊的RNA标记,这可以帮助我们进行针对特定肿瘤的DNA的操作。血小板的主要作用是帮助血液正常凝固,但是最近的研究表明,血小板也在癌症肿瘤增长和转移中也起着重要作用。癌症患者的血小板含有特定标记的RNA,可以帮助我们区分96%的健康个体和患有不同类型的癌症患者。

【2】JPCB:红辣椒也可以治疗癌症了?

辣椒碱是辣椒中让人灼烧的一种化合物,其通常用于乳膏剂中帮助缓解疼痛,而近来有研究表明高剂量的辣椒碱可以帮助杀灭前列腺癌细胞;如今刊登在国际杂志The Journal of Physical Chemistry B上的一项研究论文中,来自国外的研究人员发现了新型线索或可帮助解释为何辣椒碱可以杀灭前列腺癌细胞,相关研究结果或可帮助研究人员开发治疗前列腺癌的新型疗法。

大约在10年前就有科学家报道表示,辣椒碱可以帮助杀灭小鼠机体中的前列腺癌细胞,但对健康细胞无害;通过转化成适合人类的剂量或许需要个体每天都进行大量辣椒的摄入;而揭示辣椒碱的工作机理就可以帮助科学家们开发出新型以注射或药片形式的治疗前列腺癌的特效药物。

【3】Nature:肿瘤抑制蛋白竟驱动恶性癌症

近日,来自宾夕法尼亚大学等处的科学家通过研究发现,恶性肿瘤的生长及DNA序列未发生改变的基因活性的变化往往和突变的p53蛋白质直接相关,相关研究结果刊登于国际著名杂志Nature上,该研究或为开发应对难以治疗的癌症的新型策略提供帮助。

TP53是所有人类癌症中频繁突变的基因,其可以编码一种名为p53的肿瘤抑制蛋白,p53通常会通过调节细胞分裂的循环来抑制肿瘤,而p53蛋白也会通过维持细胞快速生长和分裂来完成抑制癌症的目的。当DNA损伤时,p53就会产生一系列保护效应来修复细胞DNA损伤,如果损伤过于严重就会引发细胞死亡,而TP53基因的突变往往会破坏其正常的功能,并且使得携带损伤DNA的细胞继续分裂,直至引发癌症发生。

为了理解突变的p53功能获得(gain-of-function,GOF)如何发挥作用,研究人员调查了携带不同类型p53 GOF替代氨基酸的病人机体肿瘤衍生的癌细胞系的功能,来观察这些突变形式的p53会结合到癌细胞基因组的哪些位置。

【4】Cell:全体生物请注意,有癌症可以传染扩散!

癌细胞是不会传染的,这是生物学的一个默认公知。不过这一常识已经在北美的东海岸被打破,一种致命的白血病样的病情已经从加拿大爱德华王子岛一路蔓延到纽约州。这可能通过在水中自由漂浮的癌细胞,肆意在软壳蛤中传染。美国哥伦比亚大学的Stephen Goff,形容这种癌症的广泛传播是“处于超级转移状态,能扩散到全新的动物”。这篇研究发表在本周Cell杂志。

癌症,作为有机体的生命周期中的体细胞突变积累的结果,一般不会传染或传输给其他个体,受限于基于多态表面蛋白的免疫识别和拒绝,特别是在主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)的脊椎动物。不过一些肿瘤是受感染(如病毒)引起的。虽然这些感染源可以是传染性的,肿瘤仍然是在受感染的个体中通过体细胞的转化而形成。已知有两种情况下,肿瘤细胞本身作为传染性细胞可自然扩散传播:犬传染性性病肿瘤(CTVT)由性接触传播、塔斯马尼亚袋獾面部肿瘤病(DFTD)在个体之间通过传播。在这两种情况下,肿瘤显示出基因型不匹配它们的宿主——在所有受影响的动物中发现的肿瘤细胞是具有反映其原始主体的独特的基因型。

【5】Science头条:你的皮肤里早已有癌症突变

根据最近发表在Science的一篇研究分析,经常暴露于紫外线下的正常皮肤含有许多潜在的致病突变,包括至少6种癌症相关基因。英国Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute的研究人员研究了无癌的眼睑皮肤样本,发现上百个克隆细胞群穿插在整个正常组织,而重要的是,就这么小块的皮肤组织里的细胞里含有的癌症关联的突变。

为了找到体细胞突变是如何聚集在正常组织的,由Campbell和Philip Jones带领的剑桥大学医学研究中心癌症部,从暴露阳光下的眼睑真皮组织取样234个进行活检。这些样品来自四位55到73岁之间的健康人,他们在眼睑整容手术过程中去除了部分的眼睑组织。

采用能够捕获稀有突变的技术,该团队测序的74个与皮肤和其它癌症基因的外显子,以及一个活组织样品的全部基因组。研究人员选择采样皮肤细胞部分原因是有证据表明,正常皮肤中含有肿瘤抑制基因p53突变的细胞克隆。

【6】颠覆癌症起源 生活方式或是重要影响

最近发表在《美国科学院院刊》的一篇文章认为,我们对于癌症起因的理论需要进行修改了。这篇文章认为,以前人们认为癌症的起源完全是因为一些基因突变引起的,在致癌基因里的突变导致了癌症细胞的出现并开始扩增。然而,最新的研究认为,在正常的组织中,基因突变的细胞还会受到群体的压力选择,因此这种选择压力和突变一起共同决定着癌细胞以及肿瘤的形成。造成这种选择压力变化的因素与生活方式以及老年化相关。

最新的癌症形成的理论认为,在正常的组织中,本来就由一定的细胞携带着致癌突变,但是健康的个体或者组织中,这些基因突变的细胞还是正常工作着,其致癌的天性一直被正常细胞压制着。直到出现一些偶然或者必然的因素,例如老年化、吸烟、饮酒等,携带者致癌基因的细胞发现环境发生了改变,发展成为癌细胞对自身更加适应,这时候癌细胞便开始爆发。即使在正常组织中,仍然会有很少的癌细胞,但是这些癌细胞并不能竞争的赢正常细胞,因此他们的数量总是低于一定的值,而不会产生肿瘤,但是环境变差,癌细胞会比正常细胞更有适应性,数量开始增加并形成癌症。

【7】Science:癌症重要酶复合体结构

最近,来自美国西南医学中心的研究人员成功解析了一种在多种癌症特别是血液癌症发展中发挥重要作用的酶复合体的原子结构。相关研究结果发表在国际学术期刊science上。

这一被成功解析的酶复合体叫做polycomb repressive complex2(PRC2),是参与人类发育的一种关键调控因子,它能够通过改变染色质结构调节基因表达。作为一种酶复合体,PRC2能够对组成染色质的组蛋白进行修饰,导致染色质结构发生关键性改变,从而沉默特定基因的表达。之前研究已经发现PRC2的异常表达与淋巴瘤,白血病,脑瘤以及其他疾病的发生有关。

研究人员表示,PRC2表达过高或过低会导致基因发生相应的沉默或激活,这对于细胞来说不是一件好事,这项研究结果揭示了正常水平的PRC2如何在细胞内保持酶活性以及如何受到调控。该研究人员还指出,他们发现了PRC2发挥作用的不同方式,这对于我们了解相关疾病的化学基础以及开发疾病治疗药物都非常具有帮助。目前一些抑制PRC2酶活性并用于治疗特定类型淋巴瘤的小分子药物已经得到开发。

【8】Nature研究再证明食用抗氧化剂会促进癌症转移

来自美国德州大学西南医学中心儿童研究所的研究人员进行了一项研究,他们发现相比于正常细胞,癌细胞从抗氧化物得到的获益更多,这一发现增加了人们对于癌症病人食用饮食中抗氧化物的担心。(生物谷之前曾报道抗氧化剂会加速小鼠皮肤癌细胞转移。)

癌细胞转移是癌细胞从原发部位传播到身体其他部分的过程,是导致多数癌症病人死亡的重要原因。该研究团队发现对癌症小鼠模型进行抗氧化物处理会使癌细胞扩散更快。相关研究结果发表在国际学术期刊Nature上。

长久以来人们已经知道癌细胞从一个部位向身体其他部位传播是一个非常低效的过程,绝大多数进入血液中的癌细胞最终都不能存活。

【9】科学家揭示多数癌症起源的过程

p53基因由于在防止基因突变中的突出作用故被描述为“基因组卫士”。超过一半的癌症被认为源于p53突变或丧失作用,而现在最近的一项研究由Richard Moran博士解释了原因。

发表在《Molecular Cancer Therapeutics》杂志上的一篇文章研究结果显示,p53基因突变,或失去激活蛋白复合物的功能, 该蛋白复合物称为哺乳动物靶向雷帕霉素复合体1(mTORC1),这有助于调节细胞增殖所需的能源资源。mTORC1由几十种蛋白质组成,细胞使用细胞内的溶酶体胞膜作为支架将所有这些蛋白质聚集在一起。针对正常细胞的需要,p53基因有助于维持适当水平的蛋白质, 在溶酶体中称为结节性硬化症复合体2(TSC2)。当p53功能减退时,研究发现溶酶体TCS2的水平下降,一种小的蛋白质RHEB将取而代之。正是这种RHEB的积累才能激活mTORC1并导致异常的细胞增殖的控制。

“我们首次发现了当无p53时导致癌症过度增长信号的过程。这些蛋白质相互作用类似一连串事件发生在某个个体中链导致了癌症的发展。”Moran说。

【10】Science:新研究为癌症免疫治疗开辟新道路

近日,来自美国丹娜法伯癌症研究所的科学家们在著名国际学术期刊science上发表了一项最新研究进展,他们将肿瘤在免疫系统中最好的"朋友"变成了它们最大的"敌人"。这一发现将对癌症免疫治疗方法提供重要启示。

文章作者Harvey Cantor说道:"我们的研究结果为基于免疫系统的癌症治疗方法提供了新的策略,通过靶向细胞内限制免疫细胞对癌细胞产生应答的信号途径,我们就可以将其变为癌细胞杀手。而如何开发触发这一变化的抗体和小分子药物是我们仍然面临的挑战。"

当机体处于感染或炎症状态时,效应T细胞会发生快速改变,它们会将自己武装起来并且分成不同群组靶向特定的疾病细胞。调节性T细胞是机体内另外一种免疫细胞,它们能够对效应T细胞进行调节,防止效应T细胞损伤正常组织。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1803612, encodeId=c4301803612d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fcb7e5542c9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#突破性研究#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75542, encryptionId=fcb7e5542c9, topicName=突破性研究)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f07c2500133, createdName=12498adam40暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Nov 23 04:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1649799, encodeId=13051649e99bf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f1e41e642cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TOP10#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17642, encryptionId=f1e41e642cd, topicName=TOP10)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bb7b23929551, createdName=respect, createdTime=Mon Aug 08 15:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56544, encodeId=8d1156544e7, content=好恐怖, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=188, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e1ee1608797, createdName=huangshang9812, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 08:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51836, encodeId=ebf05183631, content=人类何时能直面这种状况?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=161, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Mon Jan 04 18:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50289, encodeId=4cfa5028987, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=165, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Tue Dec 29 17:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50290, encodeId=0d1f50290a8, content=值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=158, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Tue Dec 29 17:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50288, encodeId=d1495028868, content=有意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Tue Dec 29 17:11:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50229, encodeId=577e50229fd, content=如何做这些突破性研究?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=158, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201205/e96b3d935daf4e258fba69d60175f0ab/b6d3ee4a3a414b8eafaf7c5e905937a2.jpg, createdBy=ad4b83208, createdName=vpssa, createdTime=Tue Dec 29 15:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-08 respect
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1803612, encodeId=c4301803612d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fcb7e5542c9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#突破性研究#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75542, encryptionId=fcb7e5542c9, topicName=突破性研究)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f07c2500133, createdName=12498adam40暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Nov 23 04:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1649799, encodeId=13051649e99bf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f1e41e642cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TOP10#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17642, encryptionId=f1e41e642cd, topicName=TOP10)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bb7b23929551, createdName=respect, createdTime=Mon Aug 08 15:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56544, encodeId=8d1156544e7, content=好恐怖, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=188, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e1ee1608797, createdName=huangshang9812, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 08:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51836, encodeId=ebf05183631, content=人类何时能直面这种状况?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=161, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Mon Jan 04 18:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50289, encodeId=4cfa5028987, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=165, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Tue Dec 29 17:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50290, encodeId=0d1f50290a8, content=值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=158, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Tue Dec 29 17:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50288, encodeId=d1495028868, content=有意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Tue Dec 29 17:11:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50229, encodeId=577e50229fd, content=如何做这些突破性研究?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=158, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201205/e96b3d935daf4e258fba69d60175f0ab/b6d3ee4a3a414b8eafaf7c5e905937a2.jpg, createdBy=ad4b83208, createdName=vpssa, createdTime=Tue Dec 29 15:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-13 huangshang9812

    好恐怖

    0

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    2016-01-04 lyh994

    人类何时能直面这种状况?

    0

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    2015-12-29 wzf990214

    赞一个

    0

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    2015-12-29 wzf990214

    值得学习

    0

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    2015-12-29 wzf990214

    有意思

    0

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    2015-12-29 vpssa

    如何做这些突破性研究?

    0

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FDA警告:使用激光笔需警惕视力损伤风险!

现在很多人喜欢拿手持激光笔当玩具,这种设备也常用于演讲等场合。   最近美国食品药品管理局(FDA)通过MedWatch系统发布了一条警告,指出手持激光笔发射出的激光可能对眼睛有害,这似乎是显而易见的,但仍然有许多人因激光笔发射出的激光造成眼部损伤。   美国FDA发布这条警告的原因在于一些不负责任的父母把手持激光笔给孩子当做玩具,这存在着很大风险,如果儿童将激光对准具

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