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Cerebral Cortex:新型计算模型揭示大脑皮层发育的奥秘

2021-04-06 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

来自萨里大学、纽卡斯尔大学和诺丁汉大学的科学家们详细介绍了他们如何开发和使用一个计算模型来模拟细胞分裂、细胞迁移和细胞死亡,并希望借此了解这些过程如何影响大脑的发育。

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许多脊椎动物神经系统最典型的特性之一是不同类型细胞的分层组织。这种细胞结构存在于大脑皮层、视网膜、海马体和中枢神经系统的许多其他部位。神经层形成的发育机制已经得到了大量的实验研究。从生物学和医学的角度来看,更好地理解皮层发育过程是至关重要的。特别是许多大脑疾病如自闭症、精神分裂症、癫痫等与病理性皮层形成的发育起源有关。

近日,来自萨里大学、纽卡斯尔大学和诺丁汉大学的科学家们详细介绍了他们如何开发和使用一个计算模型来模拟细胞分裂、细胞迁移和细胞死亡,并希望借此了解这些过程如何影响大脑的发育。该模型使用基因型规则,能显示许多生理和病理状态下皮质发育的特征。该研究结果发表在Cerebral Cortex期刊上。

该计算模型包括一个基因调控网络(GRN),它在模拟开始时在一些前体细胞中实例化。在该模型中,每个细胞都遵循内部基因型规则,同时与局部细胞外环境进行物理交互。GRN实现基于Cx3D LocalBiologyModule分类,其中每个模块定义特定的细胞行为。此外,细胞可以分泌化学物质,这些化学物质以一种梯度的方式扩散到细胞外的三维空间,并且可以被其他细胞感知到。

该模型研究了大脑皮层发育的两个阶段,第一阶段为祖细胞扩增阶段,即神经祖细胞池由于细胞反复分裂而呈指数增长的阶段。第二阶段模拟了神经元的分化和迁移。图1A显示了这些阶段。这些细胞遵循自己的基因调控动态,指定递归细胞生长和分裂(图1B)。

图1. A)在皮层发育过程中,祖细胞以一致的顺序增殖和分化为不同类型的神经元。MZ细胞(深蓝色)是最早产生的细胞。随后,分化为第6层(蓝色)、第5层(青色)、第4层(绿色)和第2/3层(紫色)细胞。B)

在该模型中,增殖细胞拥有一个通过细胞内物质实现的内部时钟。这种物质会随着时间的推移而衰变,一旦祖细胞感觉到它低于预先设定的阈值T0,它们就会终止对称分裂的第一个增殖阶段,随后过渡到S2期,这是导致神经元分化的第一个GRN状态。因此,这种细胞内物质是神经元规范期的触发因素。就生物学时间而言,在人类、大鼠、小鼠和猕猴的皮质发育中,祖细胞扩增过程分别在受孕后约30天、9.9天、8.4天和34天开始。

在指数增殖阶段(在细胞状态S1中实例化)之后,祖细胞仍然保留增殖的潜力,但它们还可能有可能形成各种其他类型的细胞。一旦这个分化过程发生,神经元就会呈放射状移动,在皮质内占据它们最终的位置。就生物学时间而言,人类、大鼠、小鼠和猕猴的皮质发育分化过程分别在受孕后48天、12天、11天和45天左右开始,191天、23天、22天和112天左右结束。

GRN结构的普遍适用性表明,微小的进化变化可以在大脑结构中产生广泛的表型差异。在本模型中,这些修改除了改变细胞命运外,还包括凋亡率的变化,表明细胞凋亡是一种高度异质性的机制。

除了健康皮层的层结构外,研究者还探索了该模型是否能够捕捉某些神经发育障碍的特征(图2A-D)。显然,不同病理类型的表型表达存在很大的差异。

图2. 多小脑回畸形和自闭症的病理特征可以用皮质层形成的现象学模型来概括

多小脑回畸形的研究显示凋亡增加时皮质会变薄,研究还发现控制细胞凋亡的基因调控动力学的特定缺陷产生了与这种疾病相关的特性,强调了凋亡受损可能是某些神经发育障碍起源的关键因素。

诺丁汉大学神经信息学教授、该研究的资深作者Marcus Kaiser教授说:“很大一部分神经细胞在出生前就死亡了,但目前还不清楚为什么这些细胞出生后会在这么早的阶段死亡。研究小组的结果表明,细胞凋亡对大脑的发育起着至关重要的作用,因为它会影响皮层层的厚度、种类和层细胞密度。

总的来说,本研究提供了一种基于代理的和通用的皮层形成计算模型,该模型考虑了细胞内动力学和细胞外通信的相互作用。特别是,该模型暗示凋亡的作用是一种高度异质性的控制机制,使皮质层结构具有适应性和多样性。此外,它还搭建了一个生成和检验假说的平台,例如:导致发育障碍的失灵机制的假说。考虑到细胞凋亡的核心作用,在大脑发育的适当时间通过医学干预来改变细胞凋亡的行为可能是临床研究的一个富有成效的方向。

参考文献:Roman Bauer, Gavin J Clowry, Marcus Kaiser, et al. Creative Destruction: A Basic Computational Model of Cortical Layer Formation Cerebral Cortex, bhab003, https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab003. Published: 24 February 2021

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    2021-04-08 neurowu
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    2021-04-07 ms6000000252401279

    学习了

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1707357, encodeId=7ae31e07357af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=63764499be' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#cerebral#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4499, encryptionId=63764499be, topicName=cerebral)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a56f31414366, createdName=ms55066533437992, createdTime=Wed Feb 16 14:01:35 CST 2022, time=2022-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1347543, encodeId=487d134e54362, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=88713e938c1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#发育#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37938, encryptionId=88713e938c1, topicName=发育)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f4c124, createdName=neurowu, createdTime=Thu Apr 08 02:01:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1601109, encodeId=1a291601109f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=95dc4394037' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大脑皮层#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43940, encryptionId=95dc4394037, topicName=大脑皮层)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b93918842147, createdName=bettycmoon, createdTime=Thu Apr 08 02:01:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=955074, encodeId=090f9550e4ab, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a37e5423044, createdName=ms6000000252401279, createdTime=Wed Apr 07 22:18:04 CST 2021, time=2021-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=954187, encodeId=5d6a95418e7b, content=好文章,值得一读。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=1, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJlfgys76DEiaNtbYo2re3ibjrUPTRibEXRyFwAB4aAGiave842S0FQDf0wAoaH226NiaSoPPDzhndsf1g/132, createdBy=88b489038, createdName=yangchou, createdTime=Tue Apr 06 12:23:21 CST 2021, time=2021-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1047902, encodeId=6531104e902f3, content=梅斯里提供了很多疾病的模型计算公式,赞一个!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=CHANGE, createdTime=Tue Apr 06 14:01:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=954154, encodeId=cbba95415430, content=积分, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=36745477251, createdName=ms1000000521305019, createdTime=Tue Apr 06 11:27:06 CST 2021, time=2021-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-04-06 yangchou

    好文章,值得一读。

    1

    展开1条回复
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1707357, encodeId=7ae31e07357af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=63764499be' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#cerebral#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4499, encryptionId=63764499be, topicName=cerebral)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a56f31414366, createdName=ms55066533437992, createdTime=Wed Feb 16 14:01:35 CST 2022, time=2022-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1347543, encodeId=487d134e54362, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=88713e938c1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#发育#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37938, encryptionId=88713e938c1, topicName=发育)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f4c124, createdName=neurowu, createdTime=Thu Apr 08 02:01:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1601109, encodeId=1a291601109f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=95dc4394037' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大脑皮层#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43940, encryptionId=95dc4394037, topicName=大脑皮层)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b93918842147, createdName=bettycmoon, createdTime=Thu Apr 08 02:01:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=955074, encodeId=090f9550e4ab, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a37e5423044, createdName=ms6000000252401279, createdTime=Wed Apr 07 22:18:04 CST 2021, time=2021-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=954187, encodeId=5d6a95418e7b, content=好文章,值得一读。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=1, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJlfgys76DEiaNtbYo2re3ibjrUPTRibEXRyFwAB4aAGiave842S0FQDf0wAoaH226NiaSoPPDzhndsf1g/132, createdBy=88b489038, createdName=yangchou, createdTime=Tue Apr 06 12:23:21 CST 2021, time=2021-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1047902, encodeId=6531104e902f3, content=梅斯里提供了很多疾病的模型计算公式,赞一个!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=CHANGE, createdTime=Tue Apr 06 14:01:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=954154, encodeId=cbba95415430, content=积分, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=36745477251, createdName=ms1000000521305019, createdTime=Tue Apr 06 11:27:06 CST 2021, time=2021-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-04-06 CHANGE

    梅斯里提供了很多疾病的模型计算公式,赞一个!

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1707357, encodeId=7ae31e07357af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=63764499be' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#cerebral#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4499, encryptionId=63764499be, topicName=cerebral)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a56f31414366, createdName=ms55066533437992, createdTime=Wed Feb 16 14:01:35 CST 2022, time=2022-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1347543, encodeId=487d134e54362, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=88713e938c1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#发育#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37938, encryptionId=88713e938c1, topicName=发育)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f4c124, createdName=neurowu, createdTime=Thu Apr 08 02:01:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1601109, encodeId=1a291601109f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=95dc4394037' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大脑皮层#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43940, encryptionId=95dc4394037, topicName=大脑皮层)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b93918842147, createdName=bettycmoon, createdTime=Thu Apr 08 02:01:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=955074, encodeId=090f9550e4ab, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a37e5423044, createdName=ms6000000252401279, createdTime=Wed Apr 07 22:18:04 CST 2021, time=2021-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=954187, encodeId=5d6a95418e7b, content=好文章,值得一读。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=1, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJlfgys76DEiaNtbYo2re3ibjrUPTRibEXRyFwAB4aAGiave842S0FQDf0wAoaH226NiaSoPPDzhndsf1g/132, createdBy=88b489038, createdName=yangchou, createdTime=Tue Apr 06 12:23:21 CST 2021, time=2021-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1047902, encodeId=6531104e902f3, content=梅斯里提供了很多疾病的模型计算公式,赞一个!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=CHANGE, createdTime=Tue Apr 06 14:01:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=954154, encodeId=cbba95415430, content=积分, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=36745477251, createdName=ms1000000521305019, createdTime=Tue Apr 06 11:27:06 CST 2021, time=2021-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-04-06 ms1000000521305019

    积分

    0

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