Baidu
map

临床必备:一文总结,曲霉菌感染表现和治疗

2022-02-11 关0027 呼吸新前沿

曲霉菌是造成机遇性肺真菌感染的第二位病原菌。曲霉菌是一种条件致病菌,广泛分布于自然界,多存在于发霉谷物、饲料、土壤,可在动物和人体定植,参与许多肺部真菌病的发病过程,据统计,曲霉菌相关病死率约58%。

曲霉菌是造成机遇性肺真菌感染的第二位病原菌。曲霉菌是一种条件致病菌,广泛分布于自然界,多存在于发霉谷物、饲料、土壤,可在动物和人体定植,参与许多肺部真菌病的发病过程,据统计曲霉菌相关病死率约58%。对人类有致病作用的有烟曲霉、黄曲霉、黑曲霉、土曲霉等,其中烟曲霉最常见。
 
免疫正常人群在免疫屏障保护下一般不会感染曲霉菌,但当机体一次性大量吸入曲霉分生孢子、免疫状态异常(免疫功能低下或高致敏状态)或肺部基础结构遭到破坏时,曲霉菌便可侵入人体引起曲霉菌病。
 
由曲霉菌感染引起的肺部疾病称为肺曲霉菌病,包括侵袭性肺曲霉菌病(IPA)、变应性支气管肺曲霉病(ABPA)、慢性肺曲霉菌病(CPA)。
 
(一)侵袭性肺曲霉菌病(IPA)
侵袭性肺曲霉菌病(IPA)是曲霉菌菌丝入侵肺实质引发的感染性疾病。IPA是肺曲霉菌病中最常见且危害最严重的类型,常累及肺组织以外的器官或形成曲霉菌败血症,IPA的发病率约2%~26%,病死率约74%~92%。
常见发病人群:IPA常见于免疫力低下者,如血液系统恶性肿瘤、遗传性或获得性免疫缺陷、慢性消耗性疾病、器官移植、其他恶性肿瘤化疗或服用大剂量类固醇,也可见于免疫功能正常的重度COPD和ICU患者。
临床表现:非特异性,主要为发热、干咳、咯血、胸痛等,病变广泛时可出现呼吸困难。曲霉菌还可通过血液播散至其他器官,如心、脑、肾、胃肠等。临床上部分患者也可无异常表现。
治疗:静脉或口服伏立康唑是IPA的一线治疗方案,病情严重者推荐静脉制剂。两性霉素B脂质体、伊曲康唑、卡泊芬净是伏立康唑的合适替代。
(二)变应性支气管肺曲霉病(ABPA)
变应性支气管肺曲霉病(ABPA),也称过敏性支气管肺曲霉菌病,是曲霉菌致敏引起的一种变应性肺部疾病,以烟曲霉菌最为常见。
ABPA多继发于哮喘或肺囊性纤维化,全球约1%-5%的哮喘和2%-15%的肺囊性纤维化会并发ABPA。此外,ABPA还可发生于其他肺部疾病患者,如支气管扩张、COPD等。
临床表现:多种多样,缺乏特异性,主要为反复发作的难治性哮喘样症状和反复出现的肺部阴影,可伴有支气管扩张。常见咳嗽、咳痰、喘息,还可见低热、消痩、乏力、胸痛等。典型症状为患者咳出支气管树状痰栓,痰栓咳出后支气管痉挛症状明显减轻。多数患者伴有其他变态反应,如鼻炎、结膜炎、过敏性皮炎、对常见肺部变应原和花粉敏感性增强。
研究显示ABPA误诊率高达50.4%,延误治疗会导致不可逆的肺实质损伤及肺功能丧失,甚至死亡。
治疗:目前口服激素和抗真菌药是ABPA的一线治疗方案,口服糖皮质激素能够减轻曲霉菌引起的炎症损伤并抑制过度免疫反应,抗真菌药伊曲康唑可降低气道真菌载量、减轻真菌产生的抗原刺激,缓解症状,改善肺功能。另外,生物靶向治疗药物如奥马珠单抗、美泊利单抗、贝那利珠单抗等能够抑制ABPA炎症途径(如嗜酸性粒细胞),目前已在临床应用。
(三)慢性肺曲霉菌病(CPA)
CPA是曲霉菌引起的慢性肺部感染性疾病,病程常超过3个月。2015年欧洲发布的《慢性肺曲霉病的诊断管理指南》将CPA分为5种类型:肺曲霉球(SPA),慢性空洞型肺曲霉病(CCPA),慢性纤维化性肺曲霉病(CFPA),曲霉结节,亚急性侵袭性肺曲霉病。
CPA多见于呼吸系统疾病(如COPD、支气管扩张、肺结核、肺结节)或轻度免疫抑制患者。
治疗:三唑类药物(伊曲康唑或伏立康唑)是CPA的一线用药,但因毒性、药物相互作用及耐药性等限制其使用疗效。两性霉素B或米卡芬净静脉注射长期治疗效果不理想,可用于短期治疗。目前,艾沙康唑和雾化两性霉素B脂质体是较好的替代药物。免疫治疗具有较好前景,目前仍在探索阶段。
 
参考文献:
[1] Sun K S, Tsai C F, Chen S C, et a1.Galaetomannan testing and the incidence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis:a10-year nationwide population-based study in Taiwan[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(2):e149964-e149968.
[2]中华医学会呼吸病学分会哮喘学组. 变应性支气管肺曲霉病诊治专家共识 [J] . 中华医学杂志,2017,97 (34):2650-2656. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2017.34.003
[3]李晓颖, 曹金钟. 中药合方治疗伴重度阻塞性肺通气功能障碍的慢性肺曲霉菌病临床观察[J]. 中华中医药杂志, 2021, 36(5):5.
[4]沈汝鑫,韩斌,孙贝,朱凯迪,马锴.慢性肺曲霉菌病的胸腔镜手术治疗[J].临床肺科杂志,2020,25(12):1795-1799.
[5]王娜娜, 谭效锋, 马涛,等. 慢性肺曲霉菌病的治疗现状及展望[J]. 中国临床药理学与治疗学, 2021, 26(2):6.

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (5)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1723855, encodeId=46521e23855ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=36ea988949a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#霉菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98894, encryptionId=36ea988949a, topicName=霉菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6bd333549766, createdName=qingrejiedu, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 17:52:54 CST 2022, time=2022-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1192912, encodeId=84831192912ff, content=伊曲康唑伏立康唑是治疗慢性肺曲霉菌病的一线药物,但由于副作用限制了应用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d1e05489924, createdName=ms1000002136354097, createdTime=Sun Feb 13 11:15:50 CST 2022, time=2022-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1570800, encodeId=e05015e080073, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1e296025e18' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#曲霉菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=60257, encryptionId=1e296025e18, topicName=曲霉菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d77115715468, createdName=fzwish20005, createdTime=Sun Feb 13 02:52:54 CST 2022, time=2022-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1192592, encodeId=034a119259239, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bd891361130, createdName=chenfang193, createdTime=Sat Feb 12 09:24:07 CST 2022, time=2022-02-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1192474, encodeId=4f1b11924e462, content=有实用价值, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=89ae6481716, createdName=ms3000000637975859, createdTime=Fri Feb 11 21:49:32 CST 2022, time=2022-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1723855, encodeId=46521e23855ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=36ea988949a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#霉菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98894, encryptionId=36ea988949a, topicName=霉菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6bd333549766, createdName=qingrejiedu, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 17:52:54 CST 2022, time=2022-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1192912, encodeId=84831192912ff, content=伊曲康唑伏立康唑是治疗慢性肺曲霉菌病的一线药物,但由于副作用限制了应用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d1e05489924, createdName=ms1000002136354097, createdTime=Sun Feb 13 11:15:50 CST 2022, time=2022-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1570800, encodeId=e05015e080073, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1e296025e18' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#曲霉菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=60257, encryptionId=1e296025e18, topicName=曲霉菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d77115715468, createdName=fzwish20005, createdTime=Sun Feb 13 02:52:54 CST 2022, time=2022-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1192592, encodeId=034a119259239, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bd891361130, createdName=chenfang193, createdTime=Sat Feb 12 09:24:07 CST 2022, time=2022-02-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1192474, encodeId=4f1b11924e462, content=有实用价值, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=89ae6481716, createdName=ms3000000637975859, createdTime=Fri Feb 11 21:49:32 CST 2022, time=2022-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-02-13 ms1000002136354097

    伊曲康唑伏立康唑是治疗慢性肺曲霉菌病的一线药物,但由于副作用限制了应用

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1723855, encodeId=46521e23855ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=36ea988949a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#霉菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98894, encryptionId=36ea988949a, topicName=霉菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6bd333549766, createdName=qingrejiedu, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 17:52:54 CST 2022, time=2022-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1192912, encodeId=84831192912ff, content=伊曲康唑伏立康唑是治疗慢性肺曲霉菌病的一线药物,但由于副作用限制了应用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d1e05489924, createdName=ms1000002136354097, createdTime=Sun Feb 13 11:15:50 CST 2022, time=2022-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1570800, encodeId=e05015e080073, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1e296025e18' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#曲霉菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=60257, encryptionId=1e296025e18, topicName=曲霉菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d77115715468, createdName=fzwish20005, createdTime=Sun Feb 13 02:52:54 CST 2022, time=2022-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1192592, encodeId=034a119259239, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bd891361130, createdName=chenfang193, createdTime=Sat Feb 12 09:24:07 CST 2022, time=2022-02-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1192474, encodeId=4f1b11924e462, content=有实用价值, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=89ae6481716, createdName=ms3000000637975859, createdTime=Fri Feb 11 21:49:32 CST 2022, time=2022-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1723855, encodeId=46521e23855ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=36ea988949a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#霉菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98894, encryptionId=36ea988949a, topicName=霉菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6bd333549766, createdName=qingrejiedu, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 17:52:54 CST 2022, time=2022-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1192912, encodeId=84831192912ff, content=伊曲康唑伏立康唑是治疗慢性肺曲霉菌病的一线药物,但由于副作用限制了应用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d1e05489924, createdName=ms1000002136354097, createdTime=Sun Feb 13 11:15:50 CST 2022, time=2022-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1570800, encodeId=e05015e080073, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1e296025e18' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#曲霉菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=60257, encryptionId=1e296025e18, topicName=曲霉菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d77115715468, createdName=fzwish20005, createdTime=Sun Feb 13 02:52:54 CST 2022, time=2022-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1192592, encodeId=034a119259239, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bd891361130, createdName=chenfang193, createdTime=Sat Feb 12 09:24:07 CST 2022, time=2022-02-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1192474, encodeId=4f1b11924e462, content=有实用价值, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=89ae6481716, createdName=ms3000000637975859, createdTime=Fri Feb 11 21:49:32 CST 2022, time=2022-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-02-12 chenfang193

    学习了

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1723855, encodeId=46521e23855ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=36ea988949a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#霉菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98894, encryptionId=36ea988949a, topicName=霉菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6bd333549766, createdName=qingrejiedu, createdTime=Tue Sep 27 17:52:54 CST 2022, time=2022-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1192912, encodeId=84831192912ff, content=伊曲康唑伏立康唑是治疗慢性肺曲霉菌病的一线药物,但由于副作用限制了应用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d1e05489924, createdName=ms1000002136354097, createdTime=Sun Feb 13 11:15:50 CST 2022, time=2022-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1570800, encodeId=e05015e080073, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1e296025e18' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#曲霉菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=60257, encryptionId=1e296025e18, topicName=曲霉菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d77115715468, createdName=fzwish20005, createdTime=Sun Feb 13 02:52:54 CST 2022, time=2022-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1192592, encodeId=034a119259239, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bd891361130, createdName=chenfang193, createdTime=Sat Feb 12 09:24:07 CST 2022, time=2022-02-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1192474, encodeId=4f1b11924e462, content=有实用价值, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=89ae6481716, createdName=ms3000000637975859, createdTime=Fri Feb 11 21:49:32 CST 2022, time=2022-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-02-11 ms3000000637975859

    有实用价值

    0

相关资讯

Thorax:曲霉菌与囊性纤维化患儿肺疾病进展

由此可见,在患有囊性纤维化的儿童中,5岁时阳性的曲霉BAL培养物与空气诱捕同时不伴有支气管扩张相关。然而,阳性曲霉BAL培养物与5岁时预测的FEV1%或5岁至14岁之间肺功能下降之间未观察到关联。

ICU曲霉菌及其他呼吸道真菌感染:诊断及防治

综述目的: 呼吸道丝状真菌感染,即曲霉菌、毛霉菌、镰刀菌或足放线菌等,其发病率逐步增高,并且常常发生在不是经典免疫抑制患者人群中。 本文即对呼吸道真菌感染及其不良预后做综述分析。 研究发现:影响ICU呼吸道真菌感染患者是否能最大程度获得良好结局的因素,包括:(1) 早期诊断,这包括对疑诊病例的高度警觉,以及基于临床表现,影像检查,微生物培养,真菌生物标志物,PCR及组织活检的早期判断;(2)

Br J Ophthalmol:活体共焦显微镜观察真菌性角膜炎的致病菌-镰刀菌和曲霉菌

真菌性角膜炎的临床结果因病原菌(镰刀菌和曲霉菌)而异,因此利用形态学特征,如细丝分支角度、丝状孢子(不定产孢)或二分分支来区分致病菌,有利于真菌性角膜炎的临床治疗与预后研究。我们利用活体共焦显微镜(IVCM)评估分析了镰刀菌属角膜炎和曲霉角膜炎中两类致病菌的上述三种形态学特征。

2018 SEIMC临床实践指南:曲霉菌引起的侵袭性疾病的管理(概要)

曲霉菌感染是高危人群死亡的重要原因,西班牙临床微生物和传染病学会(SEIMC)真菌感染研究小组更新发布了最新曲霉菌引起的侵袭性疾病的管理指南。

探案:反复咯血的始作俑者是曲霉吗?

2016年2月底无明显诱因下咯血,持续数天,每日咯血量约100-200ml,无咳嗽咳痰、胸闷气促、发热盗汗、乏力纳差等症状。2016-03-01当地医院胸部CT示:左下肺支气管闭塞,右下肺磨玻璃小结节,右肺中叶小结节。CRP 9.9mg/L,ESR 45mm/H,痰找抗酸杆菌*2次:阴性,T-SPOT阴性(具体不详)。

眼部感染常见真菌的检查及鉴定

真菌是真核细胞型微生物,其种类繁多,目前已经命名的真菌至少有10万种。

Baidu
map
Baidu
map
Baidu
map