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人工甜味剂会让人发胖,无糖饮料再也拯救不了胖子了

2017-02-19 MedSci MedSci原创

最新一期的《环球科学》介绍,科学家发现,人工甜味剂可能会改变肠道菌群的构成,从而导致肥胖。科学家发现,当体型较胖的人通过低脂或低糖饮食减肥时,拟杆菌与厚壁菌的数量比会升高。而这两种细菌,直接跟人的肥胖有关系。以色列生物学家伊兰•西格尔的团队分析了381个人的数据,结果发现摄入人工甜味剂的人比其他人更有可能超重,更有可能引发葡萄糖耐受不良,进而导致糖尿病等。但这些发现并不能证明是甜味剂引起了上述

最新一期的《环球科学》介绍,科学家发现,人工甜味剂可能会改变肠道菌群的构成,从而导致肥胖。

科学家发现,当体型较胖的人通过低脂或低糖饮食减肥时,拟杆菌与厚壁菌的数量比会升高。而这两种细菌,直接跟人的肥胖有关系。以色列生物学家伊兰•西格尔的团队分析了381个人的数据,结果发现摄入人工甜味剂的人比其他人更有可能超重,更有可能引发葡萄糖耐受不良,进而导致糖尿病等。

但这些发现并不能证明是甜味剂引起了上述问题,有可能体型超标的人只是比其他人摄入了更多的人工甜味剂,而不是因此引发了肥胖。但无论如何,甜味剂与人的肠道细菌肯定是有某种因果关系的。

让我们一起回顾一下那些年人工甜味剂惹下的祸害。


近几十年来,人工甜味剂的消耗量大幅增加,包括孕妇在内。动物研究表明,人工甜味剂在子宫内暴露可能导致后代发生肥胖;然而,这从未在人类中被研究过。

该研究的目的是确定在怀孕期间喝人工含糖饮料与婴儿的身体质量指数(BMI)是否相关。

本队列研究包括来自加拿大健康婴儿纵向发展(CHILD)研究的3033对母子,CHILD研究是一项以人群为基础的出生队列研究,从2009年至2012年招募了健康孕妇。这些女性在怀孕期间完成了饮食评估,她们的婴儿BMI在1岁时进行测量(n=2686;进行了89%的随访)。这项研究的统计分析中使用了随访1年后的数据,并且在2013年10月收集完成。在2015年8月进行了数据分析。

该研究提供了第一个人类的证据表明,孕妇在怀孕期间食用人工甜味剂可能会影响婴儿的BMI。鉴于目前儿童肥胖和使用人工甜味剂的普遍性,进一步的研究是很有必要的,需要进一步来证实该研究的结果,并探讨潜在的生物学机制,为孕妇提供以证据为基础的饮食建议。


最新发表在Cell Metabolism上的研究报道人造甜味剂会模拟大脑的饥饿状态,从而导致大量饮食以满足其它器官的能量需求。 

研究者使用一种被称作喙延伸应答(PER)的方法来进行研究,这种方法本质上是一种味觉测试,它能够帮助判断果蝇喜欢摄食某种特定的食物。通过这些方法,研究者发现三氯蔗糖的消耗会导致果蝇更倾向于摄入真正的糖类。此外,研究者还通过记录果蝇的味觉感受器电生理信号,发现延长三氯蔗糖的饮食时间似乎会增加昆虫对糖类的敏感程度。基因组研究副教授Greg Neely在邮件中解释道:"在持续摄入人造甜味剂后,动物能够感受到更低浓度的糖类,也会吃更过的糖,并且在生理上有更强烈的反应"。  

Neely的发现似乎并不仅仅局限于果蝇。他的团队在小鼠身上重复了这些发现。啮齿类动物在摄入三氯蔗糖7天后,它们的食物摄入量增加了50%,这种现象部分是由被称为神经肽Y的神经递质所引起的。但是现在将这些结论应用到人身上还为时过早。 

目前,合成糖类在某种程度上对代谢有害的证据越来越显著。发表于2014年Nature杂志上的研究报道人造甜味剂能够改变小鼠和人肠道中微生物的类群从而促进了能量的吸收。最近的研究也发现了三氯蔗糖的摄取会损害人体处理正常糖类的能力。正如《科学美国人》今年早些时候报道的,过度食用甜的油腻的食物会改变大脑奖励系统中的脑化学,从而驱使我们过量饮食。


曾经有一段时光,美国洛克菲勒大学分子生物学家Thomas Huber每天喝36盎司健怡可乐(diet cola)。一年多之前,作为Thomas P. Sakmar教授化学生物学与信号转导实验室的一名助理教授,Huber对添加人工调味剂的饮料如何可能影响他的身体对糖的加工能力感到好奇。他决定在他自己身上开展实验。

这项临床试验遵从一种大体相似的模式:研究人员追踪参与者喝无糖苏打水(diet soda)时、停止3个月不喝期间和随后再次继续喝时的血糖和肠促胰岛素水平。研究人员也监控栖息在参与者肠道中的微生物,这些微生物可能在代谢变化(包括与人工甜味剂相关联的那些变化)中发挥着作用。

Huber的假设聚焦在肠道中的甜味受体。这一假设是因他自己在Sakmar实验室中研究在人类生物学中起着至关重要作用的大型G蛋白偶联受体家族而受到启发的。正如在我们的感觉中发挥至关重要作用的其他受体一样,甜味受体也属于这个家族。

对一些人(包括喝大量无糖苏打水的那些人)而言,对甜味的欲望似乎不断加深。G蛋白偶联受体的生物学功能能够解释这一点;依赖于这些受体接收到的刺激量,它们能够变得不再敏感,或者变得更加敏感。

Sakmar说,“比如,一旦光线照进暗室中,它首先可能似乎变得非常明亮,但是你的视力很快就能适应。如果你持续吃人工甜味剂或糖的话,也会如此。这种脱敏最可能促进一些人摄入更多。好消息是对甜味的欲望增加以及相伴随的糖代谢问题似乎是可逆的。”

从这些研究中我们知道人造甜味剂三氯蔗糖并不是完全无效的,这也驱使更多的研究者去研究人造甜味剂是如何影响我们人本身的。


最近一项研究显示,常用的人工甜味剂可能会导致葡萄糖不耐受,从而增加血糖升高的风险。人工甜味剂似乎可以影响肠道微生物的组成和功能,从而调节小鼠的能量代谢,而研究者在人类身上也观察到了类似的现象。研究论文[1]于9月18日发表在《自然》(Nature)上。

葡萄糖耐受简单来说是指人体对葡萄糖的耐受能力。正常人在进食主食或服用葡萄糖后,几乎全被肠道吸收,使血糖升高,这时机体会产生一系列反应使得饭后血糖都保持在一定范围内,这说明正常人对葡萄糖有很强的耐受能力。但若胰岛素分泌不足的人,就会失去这种血糖自我稳定的能力,出现葡萄糖不耐受或者进而患上2型糖尿病

研究者针对三种人工人工甜味剂,糖精、三氯蔗糖和阿斯巴甜进行了实验。埃里纳表示,这三种人工甜味剂在很多食品中都有着广泛的使用。实验中,研究者首先给小鼠的饮水中分别添加了葡萄糖、蔗糖和人工甜味剂。结果发现11周后,相比只喝水或者水里只放葡萄糖或蔗糖的小鼠,水中添加人工甜味剂的小鼠出现了明显的葡萄糖不耐受。这其中又以水中添加糖精的小鼠反应最明显,因此在随后的小鼠实验中,研究人员将糖精作为了典型人工甜味剂。

接下来,通过将食用糖精的小鼠粪便内的微生物移植到无菌小鼠肠道内,研究人员发现与对照组(葡萄糖)相比,小鼠的葡萄糖耐量出现下降。随后,研究者利用16S核糖体RNA测序和体外培养的方法,证实了糖精能够改变小鼠肠道内微生物的组成和功能,比如拟杆菌门细菌数量增加(从70%到89%)而硬壁菌门细菌数量减少(从22%到6%),进而引起了肠道内多糖降解的增加,导致粪便内短链脂肪酸增加。

而在包含了381名非糖尿病被试的队列研究中,研究者发现人工甜味剂的食用量和一些与代谢综合征相关的临床指标之间存在正相关性,这些指标包括体重、腰臀比增加,空腹血糖升高等。而在另一项短期实验中,研究者让7名平时不食用人工甜味剂或者含人工甜味剂食品的健康被试,连续一周按照美国食品和药品管理局规定的糖精每日容许摄入量上限(5mg/kg)食用糖精。结果发现他们的葡萄糖耐量也受到了影响。

对于研究结果能对公众带来何种启示,埃里纳告诉我们:“我们希望研究结果能引起科学界、医疗界以及公众对人工甜味剂可能存在的有害影响的讨论,并能够重新评估大规模的、缺乏监督的人工甜味剂使用。”关于今后的研究方向,他表示接下来他们会探究人工甜味剂和肥胖以及其他代谢综合征,比如脂肪肝等相关的长期影响。


表在JAMA Pediatrics的研究表明,与孕期未摄入含有人工甜味剂的饮料的女性相比,孕期每天摄入人工甜味剂的女性其后代1岁时超重的可能为100%。虽然研究的结果并不能证明二者之间的因果关系,但是这些研究成果必定引发进一步的研究。

该研究中,母亲的平均年龄为32.4岁;在第12个月时儿童的平均BMI Z-评分0.19,5.1%的儿童超重。怀孕期间, 29.5%的母亲饮用了人工加糖的饮料,5.1%的母亲每日饮用含糖饮料。

研究人员发现,与没有饮用含有人工甜味饮料的女性相比,每日饮用的女性与其孩子BMI-z增加0.2有关,且婴儿1岁时超重的风险增加11倍。

考虑了其他相关因素后,包括母亲的BMI,饮食质量以及总的能量摄入量,仍可发现二者之间存在明显的相关关联。

Meghan B. Azad 说道,“据我们所知,我们的研究结果首次在人类中证明了孕期摄入人工甜味剂可能会增加早期儿童肥胖的风险。鉴于目前儿童肥胖的流行和人工甜味剂的广泛使用,有必要行进一步的研究以证实本研究的结果,评估特定NNSs和长期的结果,并研究其潜在的生物学机制。”

虽然这项研究不能证明二者之间的因果关系,且存在自我报告的膳食信息不准确等问题,但是该研究结果确实值得进一步探究,特别是结合现有的动物和成人的研究。


巴西研究人员在美国盐湖城举行的美国生殖医学学会科学大会上报告说,想做试管婴儿的女性应尽量避免摄入人工甜味剂,因为它可能会损害卵子质量,降低怀孕成功率。

研究表明,无论喝何种软饮料,只要加了人工甜味剂,就有可能导致卵子以及由这些卵子受精后形成的胚胎质量变差,从而降低试管婴儿移植与怀孕的成功率。而糖也有可能对卵子质量造成负面影响。

他们的研究结论写道:“一般人相信人工甜味剂比普通的糖要健康,他们并不知道在降低食物与饮料热量的承诺背后隐藏着危险。病人应被告知人工甜味剂和糖对辅助生殖成功率的不利影响。”

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    2023-03-05 lifestar 来自上海

    #人工甜味#剂会让人发胖,#无糖饮料#再也拯救不了胖子了#肥胖#

    0

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    2017-02-19 cqykthl

    人工甜味剂可能会改变肠道菌群的构成,从而导致肥胖。

    1

    展开1条回复
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2117624, encodeId=3dd4211e6244d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=522a105384ed' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#人工甜味#</a>剂会让人发胖,<a href='/topic/show?id=4a70591102d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#无糖饮料#</a>再也拯救不了胖子了<a href='/topic/show?id=3ad9818917c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肥胖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=105384, encryptionId=522a105384ed, topicName=人工甜味), TopicDto(id=59110, encryptionId=4a70591102d, topicName=无糖饮料), TopicDto(id=81891, encryptionId=3ad9818917c, topicName=肥胖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aa0e14, createdName=lifestar, createdTime=Sun Mar 05 03:43:12 CST 2023, time=2023-03-05, status=1, ipAttribution=上海), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=176998, encodeId=0ef61e69981e, content=人工甜味剂可能会改变肠道菌群的构成,从而导致肥胖。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=1, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NdicLmdJEK9VoiaDianY6fzHNN9iaGv80m39pMHU3eSnNN0kn1o0rdQ7Bz2f03Qibcf1ia7rKvxIt4UVlErF2d4gCmDC5/0, createdBy=98e31740255, createdName=cqykthl, createdTime=Sun Feb 19 17:35:30 CST 2017, time=2017-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1554660, encodeId=c6f515546609d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a70591102d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#无糖饮料#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59110, encryptionId=4a70591102d, topicName=无糖饮料)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a23214540780, createdName=guojianrong, createdTime=Tue Feb 21 02:41:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=177043, encodeId=2b071e7043ad, content=人工甜味剂会让人发胖,无糖饮料再也拯救不了胖子了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Mon Feb 20 01:45:25 CST 2017, time=2017-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=177042, encodeId=3cea1e704264, content=人工甜味剂会让人发胖,无糖饮料再也拯救不了胖子了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Mon Feb 20 01:11:07 CST 2017, time=2017-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=177032, encodeId=f7671e7032ba, content=可乐危害不小!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161130/IMG583E83162ABF77052.jpg, createdBy=0fc71988533, createdName=跑跑蛋白, createdTime=Mon Feb 20 00:00:11 CST 2017, time=2017-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=176981, encodeId=dea51e698174, content=好好努力, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Feb 19 15:03:09 CST 2017, time=2017-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=176969, encodeId=1eaf1e696903, content=文章真心不错耶, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Feb 19 13:59:42 CST 2017, time=2017-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2017-02-20 ann y

    人工甜味剂会让人发胖,无糖饮料再也拯救不了胖子了

    0

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    2017-02-20 ann y

    人工甜味剂会让人发胖,无糖饮料再也拯救不了胖子了

    0

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    2017-02-20 跑跑蛋白

    可乐危害不小!

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2117624, encodeId=3dd4211e6244d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=522a105384ed' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#人工甜味#</a>剂会让人发胖,<a href='/topic/show?id=4a70591102d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#无糖饮料#</a>再也拯救不了胖子了<a href='/topic/show?id=3ad9818917c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肥胖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=105384, encryptionId=522a105384ed, topicName=人工甜味), TopicDto(id=59110, encryptionId=4a70591102d, topicName=无糖饮料), TopicDto(id=81891, encryptionId=3ad9818917c, topicName=肥胖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aa0e14, createdName=lifestar, createdTime=Sun Mar 05 03:43:12 CST 2023, time=2023-03-05, status=1, ipAttribution=上海), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=176998, encodeId=0ef61e69981e, content=人工甜味剂可能会改变肠道菌群的构成,从而导致肥胖。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=1, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NdicLmdJEK9VoiaDianY6fzHNN9iaGv80m39pMHU3eSnNN0kn1o0rdQ7Bz2f03Qibcf1ia7rKvxIt4UVlErF2d4gCmDC5/0, createdBy=98e31740255, createdName=cqykthl, createdTime=Sun Feb 19 17:35:30 CST 2017, time=2017-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1554660, encodeId=c6f515546609d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a70591102d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#无糖饮料#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59110, encryptionId=4a70591102d, topicName=无糖饮料)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a23214540780, createdName=guojianrong, createdTime=Tue Feb 21 02:41:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=177043, encodeId=2b071e7043ad, content=人工甜味剂会让人发胖,无糖饮料再也拯救不了胖子了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Mon Feb 20 01:45:25 CST 2017, time=2017-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=177042, encodeId=3cea1e704264, content=人工甜味剂会让人发胖,无糖饮料再也拯救不了胖子了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Mon Feb 20 01:11:07 CST 2017, time=2017-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=177032, encodeId=f7671e7032ba, content=可乐危害不小!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161130/IMG583E83162ABF77052.jpg, createdBy=0fc71988533, createdName=跑跑蛋白, createdTime=Mon Feb 20 00:00:11 CST 2017, time=2017-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=176981, encodeId=dea51e698174, content=好好努力, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Feb 19 15:03:09 CST 2017, time=2017-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=176969, encodeId=1eaf1e696903, content=文章真心不错耶, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Feb 19 13:59:42 CST 2017, time=2017-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-02-19 忠诚向上

    好好努力

    0

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    2017-02-19 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章真心不错耶

    0

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