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全攻略!胺碘酮使用指南请收好

2022-05-07 好医术心学院 好医术心学院

合理使用胺碘酮~

胺碘酮是目前临床常用的抗心律失常药。在需要药物治疗的心律失常中,发挥着重要作用,其静脉制剂在急性心律失常处理中,有着不可替代的位置。除了适应证,它的不良反应也同样值得关注,一起来看看吧~

药代动力学小结

  • 单次口服达峰:4-6h(静脉0.5h)
  • 生物利用度:50%
  • 分布容积大:5000L(达到稳态浓度时间长)
  • 三室开放模型:稳态血药浓度时间长达2~4周或更长
  • 达到稳态的总量:10-15g(指南建议:10g)
  • 肝脏代谢:脱碘、脱乙基
  • 停药一个月:血药浓度降低25%;二个月:血药浓度降低50%
胺碘酮的心血管作用
 
1. 电生理作用:多通道阻滞
 
Ⅲ类药物:混合性钾通道阻滞剂,延长动作电位时长,主要延长3相,QT延长,对心肌三层K+通道均阻断,复极离散度缩小,Tdp发生率低;
 
Na+通道阻滞:较轻,与利多卡因相似,快频率依赖,促心律失常作用<Ⅰ类药物;
 
Ca2+通道阻滞:Ⅳ类药物弱,抑制后除极,治疗触发性心律失常;
 
抑制β受体:抑制≠阻滞,阻滞信息传递,减少β受体数量,作用<β受体阻滞剂,无伴停药后反跳,可与β受体阻滞剂合用。
 
2. 抗心律失常作用
 
兼有4类药物作用,单药服用相当于4种药物小剂量联合应用:
  • Ⅰ类:无致心律失常作用;
  • Ⅱ类:无β阻滞剂副作用;
  • Ⅲ类:Tdp减少;
  • Ⅳ类:负性肌力作用被抵消。
 
3. 抗心肌缺血
  • 降低外周阻力并且减慢心率,从而降低心肌耗氧量;
  • 直接作用于冠脉血管平滑肌,增加冠脉流量;
  • 非竞争性抑制α、β肾上腺素能受体;
  • 静注:5mg/kg,扩冠作用出现(治疗不稳定型心绞痛);
  • 口服:治疗劳力性、变异性心绞痛;
  • 缩小梗死面积,改善预后。
 
4. 降低血压
  • 静脉注射降压作用明显,小剂量给药即能出现;
  • 给药5mg/kg时动脉压下降;
  • 特别适用于治疗高血压患者合并的心律失常;
  • 静脉降压与助溶剂(聚山梨醇酯80)降压作用有关;
  • 口服无此作用。
 
5. 改善心功能
 
胺碘酮或可改善心衰患者的左室收缩功能。
 
机制:扩张外周动脉,降低外周阻力,抑制β受体,减慢心率,减少氧耗,净效应增加心输出量,有报道可增加心输出量98%,是治疗心衰+心律失常少有的药物。
 
胺碘酮的临床应用及禁忌症
 
胺碘酮兼有扩冠、降压、改善心功能、抗心律失常的作用,可应用于心血管四大疾病——冠心病、高血压、心力衰竭、心律失常
 
1.房颤
 
用于心房颤动转律和转律后窦性心律的维持。
 
用法用量:
 
①口服:0.4~0.6g/d,分2~3次服用,服用 1~2周后改为0.2~0.4g/d维持。严重者0.6~1.2g/d,分3次服用,服用1~2周后根据需要改为0.2~0.4g/d 维持。 
 
②静脉滴注:负荷量3mg/kg,以1.0~1.5mg/min静脉滴注维持,6h后改 0.5~1.0mg/min,每日总量1200mg,最大量不超过2.2g,以后逐渐减量,最好滴注不超过3~4d
 
2.室性心律失常
 
适用于房性心律失常伴快速室性心率;W-P-W综合征的心动过速;严重的室性心律失常。
 
①静脉注射:
 
负荷滴注:先快后慢,前10min给药150mg(15mg/min),3ml胺碘酮注射液于100ml葡萄糖溶液(浓度1.5mg/ml)中,滴注10min;随后6h给药360 mg。 
 
维持滴注:剩余18h给药540mg(0.5mg/min),将滴注速度减至0.5mg/min。第1个24h后,维持滴注速度0.5mg/min(720mg/24h),浓度 1~6mg/ml(胺碘酮注射液浓度>2mg/ml,需通过中央静脉导管给药),需持续滴注。 
 
当发生心室颤动或血流动力学不稳定的室速,可以追加胺碘酮注射液150mg,溶于100ml的葡萄糖溶液给药。需10min给药以减少低血压的发生。
 
维持滴注的速度可以增加,以有效抑制心律失常。第1个24 h的剂量可以根据患者个体化给药, 然而,在临床对照研究中,每日平均剂量>2100 mg 与增加低血压的危险性相关。初始滴注速度需<30mg/min。
 
 ②口服:
 
负荷量通常600mg/d,可以连续应用8~10d。维持量宜应用最小有效剂量。根据个体反应,可给予100~400mg/d。
 
由于胺碘酮的延长治疗作用,可给予隔日200mg或100mg/d。已有推荐每周停药2d的间隙性治疗方法。
 
注意事项:
  • 静脉胺碘酮的使用剂量和方法也要因人而异,不同患者的剂量可能有很大的差别(年龄、性别、体重、疾病等);
  • 只给负荷量,不给维持量,药物浓度不能维持;
  • 只给维持量,不给负荷量,起效时间延迟;
  • 对于室速即刻终止作用弱,预防复发作用强;
  • 增加静脉负荷剂量是为了在数小时内增加心肌组织的药物水平,缩短起效时间。但充分发挥其电生理作用可能需要数天的时间
3、禁忌症
 
禁用于甲状腺功能异常;碘过敏者;二或三度房室传导阻滞;双束支传导阻滞(已安装 起搏器者除外);病态窦房结综合征。
 
胺碘酮的不良反应
 
1. 静脉炎:
 
应特别注意选用大静脉,最好是中心静脉给药
 
2. 低血压、心动过缓:
 
急性静脉应用中可出现低血压、心动过缓、因此需有心电和血压监护
 
3. 肝功能损伤:
 
应定期监测肝功能损害,开始静脉应用胺碘酮后每日查肝功能十分必要。一旦出现肝功能损害应考虑是否减量或停药,并给予保肝治疗。
 
4. 尖端扭转型室速:
 
胺碘酮引起QT间期和T波改变
  • 用药后心电图会出现QT延长,T波切迹,u波明显,T波振幅下降以至ST改变等现象,这是药物效应的表现;
  • 虽然胺碘酮延长QT,但是使心肌复极趋于一致。不宜以QT间期的值来决定是否减量或停药,目前认为可延长至0.50-0.55s,QTc 0.44s
  • 只有在发生低血钾或与其他延长QT的药物协同时,才有产生扭转性室速的可能,服用胺碘酮的患者出现如腹泻、呕吐、大量利尿、饮食减少等情况应及时检查电解质,以免发生低血钾的协同作用致扭转性室速。
 
5. 甲状腺功能障碍
 
发生率较高,为1%~22%,甲减:甲亢3:1。临床症状可能被掩盖、隐匿(β作用:甲亢)机制:大量碘使甲状腺激素明显变化,抑制合成及释放(T3~T4);结构相似,干扰甲状腺功能。
  • 仅甲功能异常:不停药、不治疗;
  • 伴轻度症状:减药;
  • 症状+指标:停药;
  • 严重者:加其他药积极治疗,甲减给予甲状腺素片,甲亢给予甲硫砒啶、激素;
  • 指标恢复:1~6个月。
 
6. 肺毒性(肺纤维化)
 
主要表现为干咳、气短、呼吸困难等,X线:弥漫性间质纤维化或浸润肺功能下降;发生率近年明显减少(<1%),怀疑或确诊停药可逆,少数不可逆
 
药物相互作用
 
胺碘酮主要经CYP450 3A4代谢,与其他通过该途径代谢的药物合用时应特别注意,必要时减量使用
  • 胺碘酮可增加华法林的抗凝作用;
  • 增强其他抗心律失常药物对心脏的作用;
  • 增加日光敏感性药物作用;
  • 与排钾利尿药合用,可增加低血钾所致的心律失常;
  • 增加血清地高辛浓度; 
  • 与钙通道阻滞药合用可加重窦性心动过缓、窦性停 搏及房室传导阻滞。
 
患者随访
 
第一年3个月ー次,以后每6个月一次;随访内容:详细了解患者的用药情况;行心电图、甲状腺功能、x线胸片等必要检查。

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    2022-05-11 顾纪新

    学习了

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    2022-05-08 戴小舞

    温故而知新

    0

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    2022-05-08 1937600869

    受益匪浅

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218860, encodeId=178f121886001, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1b1c1969387, createdName=顾纪新, createdTime=Wed May 11 21:19:35 CST 2022, time=2022-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1297765, encodeId=da74129e76527, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f6a484255be' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胺碘酮#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84255, encryptionId=f6a484255be, topicName=胺碘酮)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Mon May 09 06:48:14 CST 2022, time=2022-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1217834, encodeId=e0f7121e8347a, content=温故而知新, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201031/ec9980fea6134cbfb6893a2911c4593d/5a8af98346fa4a84905551b204f29c4d.jpg, createdBy=37445430654, createdName=戴小舞, createdTime=Sun May 08 12:47:01 CST 2022, time=2022-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1217754, encodeId=e14e121e754a0, content=受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bfd15015596, createdName=1937600869, createdTime=Sun May 08 06:05:36 CST 2022, time=2022-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1217703, encodeId=d843121e70330, content=认真学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6EF3hKja8nER8RMzxQdria9eCYFhgLTLsDOeqnvIYdeLDz5eP6EnicLuE5gibiawgno4zUA0jAR7Nbtp2llQ9fs3Mk/0, createdBy=278f1986883, createdName=医鸣惊人, createdTime=Sat May 07 20:00:50 CST 2022, time=2022-05-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-05-07 医鸣惊人

    认真学习了

    0

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皮肤变色是胺碘酮罕见的不良反应,可能会随着药物的停用而减轻。跌倒可归因于体位性低血压。在住院期间,对患者的药物进行了调整,包括停用胺碘酮。

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胺碘酮为什么禁用生理盐水?临床应用还有这7个问题,太关键了!

胺碘酮为什么禁用生理盐水?临床应用还有这7个问题,太关键了!

氢氯噻嗪、胺碘酮、环丙沙星、萘普生等可引发光敏性反应,造成皮肤损伤

晒晒太阳是好事,但有时候就会发生严重晒伤,皮肤出现灼热和瘙痒感、发红、肿胀及起疱等。这里值得注意的是,也许是因为服用的某种药物让你对阳光更敏感。

服用胺碘酮,这8点一定要注意!

胺碘酮不是谁想用就能用的!

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