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中国人群糖脂代谢异常与心血管疾病现状及干预策略

2019-12-06 陶贵周 中华医学信息导报

心血管病病死率居首位,高于肿瘤及其他疾病,占居民疾病死亡构成的40%以上,每5例死亡中,就有2例死于心血管病。近几年来,农村心血管病病死率持续高于城市,2015年农村、城市居民心血管病死亡分别占全部死亡的45.50%和43.16%。在心血管疾病危险因素中,胆固醇升高是引起动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(ASCVD)最肯定的原因,相关指南不断更迭,但核心推荐不变:低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)是首要靶点。近

血管病病死率居首位,高于肿瘤及其他疾病,占居民疾病死亡构成的40%以上,每5例死亡中,就有2例死于心血管病。近几年来,农村心血管病病死率持续高于城市,2015年农村、城市居民心血管病死亡分别占全部死亡的45.50%和43.16%。在心血管疾病危险因素中,胆固醇升高是引起动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(ASCVD)最肯定的原因,相关指南不断更迭,但核心推荐不变:低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)是首要靶点。近3年发表的3项大型随机对照研究结果证实,将LDL-C降至1.4 mmol/L(55 mmol/L)可带来进一步的心血管获益。

因此,2019版欧洲心脏病学学会和欧洲动脉粥样硬化学会《血脂管理指南》对不同心血管风险人群推荐更为积极的降脂目标,扩大了极高危人群范围且降脂目标推荐为LDL-C≥50%降幅且更广泛定义了高危心血管病且降脂目标值推荐LDL-C ≥ 50%降幅且<1.8 mmol/L (70mg/dl)。指南推升了联合降脂方案的地位。对于联合降脂治疗的药物选择方面,降低LDL-C的策略指南仍推荐以他汀类药物为第一步基础治疗,第二步加用依折麦布,第三步可加用前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌(PCSK9)抑制剂。

在他汀类药物+联合用药时代,他汀类药物仍是基石药物。

流行病学数据显示:

中国成人血脂异常患病率达40%,中国绝大多数极高危和高危患者LDL-C未达标。

与血脂现状相似,中国成人糖尿病发病触目惊心,最新血脂指南报告我国糖尿病患病率为9.7%,患者人数9240万例,我国糖尿病前期患者数量达1.48亿例,中国糖尿病患者调脂服药率与LDL-C达标率低,我国心血管代谢危险因素管控形势堪忧,控制率低于50%。

中国糖尿病患者常常伴有血脂代谢异常,中国糖尿病患者多死于心血管并发症。

数据显示,2型糖尿病患者中52%死于心血管并发症,11%死于糖尿病肾病;1型糖尿病患者中44%死于心血管并发症,21%死于糖尿病肾病。

ASCVD是糖尿病患者首位死亡原因,动脉粥样硬化是导致糖尿病死亡的首要原因,占总死亡原因80%,糖尿病合并发症住院患者中超过75%是由于动脉粥样硬化,糖尿病合并缺血性心脏病患者的病死率是没有糖尿病患者的2~4倍。

糖脂代谢异常增加了ASCVD发生风险。中国糖脂代谢异常患者的糖脂综合管理可分为3部分:危险因素管理、降脂药物联合、降糖药物联合治疗。2018年《美国临床内分泌医师协会/美国内分泌学会共识声明》提出,糖尿病的综合管理“ABC策略”除了血糖管理以外,2型糖尿病患者的综合管理还应包括血脂、血压管理和相关并发症的治疗。从“ABC策略”转到“CBA策略”,首要达成最基本且易实现的目标即先达成血脂管理的目标。《中国心血管病预防指南(2017)》指出,血糖血脂管理是心血管疾病一级预防的重要内容,心脏病并发症的大幅降低与糖尿病血脂管理的改进和他汀类药物的使用有关。《稳定性冠心病诊断与治疗指南(2018)》推荐,稳定性冠心病患者如无禁忌,

首选起始剂量中等强度的他汀类调脂药物,并根据个体调脂疗效和耐受情况,适当调整剂量,推荐以LDL-C为首要干预靶点,目标值LDL-C < 1.8  mmol/L。若LDL-C水平不达标,可与其他调脂药物(如依折麦布10mg、1次/d)联合应用。如果LDL-C基线值较高,现有调脂药物标准治疗3个月后难以降至基本目标值,可考虑将LDL-C至少降低50%作为替代目标。《中国2型糖尿病合并血脂异常防治专家共识(2017年修订版)》推荐2型糖尿病患者接受中等剂量他汀类药物治疗。除此之外,糖脂代谢的综合管理要注意药物间的相互作用和不良反应使用,他汀类药物需关注药物相互作用和新发糖尿病风险。荟萃分析数据显示,他汀类药物的使用需要评估新发糖尿病的风险。

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    2019-12-08 huangdf
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