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凶险万分的致命“杀手”——血栓

2018-12-05 MedSci MedSci原创

不久前,一则新闻引起了大家的广泛关注—— 一位年轻女记者不慎崴了脚,最终却因为肺栓塞离开了人世。 普通人很难想象,像崴脚这样的小伤,怎么会导致一个人的死亡? 然而,崴脚只是诱因。真正让这位年轻姑娘离开这个世界的,是让无数医生头疼,并且无比凶险的“血栓”。 初识血栓——“经济舱综合症” 在第二次世界大战伦敦遭遇空袭时,许多不得已长时间

不久前,一则新闻引起了大家的广泛关注——

一位年轻女记者不慎崴了脚,最终却因为肺栓塞离开了人世。

普通人很难想象,像崴脚这样的小伤,怎么会导致一个人的死亡?

然而,崴脚只是诱因。真正让这位年轻姑娘离开这个世界的,是让无数医生头疼,并且无比凶险的“血栓”。

初识血栓——“经济舱综合症”

在第二次世界大战伦敦遭遇空袭时,许多不得已长时间坐在防空壕中椅子上的市民因发生肺栓塞而死亡。

此后,由于在防空壕中铺设简易床而使肺栓塞急剧减少,由此才发现在静脉血栓形成和肺栓塞与长时间坐位有关。

1977年Symington等人首次报道一例乘坐经济舱长途飞行的患者突然感到胸闷、气短、呼吸困难,经抢救无效死亡,而后尸检报告的死因为肺栓塞。

于是Symington等人将这种与飞行相关的肺栓塞成为“经济舱综合症[1]

图片来源:Pixabay

2001年,一名28岁的女性从悉尼乘经济舱飞达伦敦后猝死,经尸检发现是由下肢深静脉血栓引起的肺栓塞,自此“经济舱综合症”引起了学者的广泛关注[2]

而现在的研究发现,除乘坐飞机外,乘船、汽车、火车等作长时间旅行都会发生“经济舱综合症”,故有人将其称为旅行者血栓形成(traveler’s thrombosis),或者旅行者少动综合征(immobile traveler’s syndrome)。

其实人体长时间呆在狭隘的避难场所中,也可以引发“经济舱综合症”。

2016年在熊本大地震后中受灾严重的益城町是当地的熊本产业展示场,有一个可容纳2000辆车的停车场,每天有1万人在车里过着避难生活。

而长期在车中过夜导致许多人出现了“经济舱综合征”。

“经济舱综合征”发生的原因

“经济舱综合征”的根本原因是下肢深静脉血栓形成,以及患者起身活动后下肢深部静脉血栓脱落随血液流向心脏至肺动脉,引起肺栓塞,如血栓较大,堵塞于主肺动脉或左右肺动脉主支危及患者生命。

而下肢深静脉血栓形成包括外在因素内在因素

外在因素包括人体处于狭小,活动受限的空间,久坐不动或长期维持一个坐姿,脚踝、膝部及大腿几乎呈3个90°弯曲,严重影响下肢血液的流动速度。

加上外界空气干燥,机体水分丢失,血液浓缩,粘稠度增高,易导致下肢深静脉血栓形成。

内在因素则指患者本身的危险因素,包括接受口服避孕药在内的激素疗法、恶性肿瘤既往史、吸烟、新近有外伤或手术、导管检查史、慢性心脏病、糖尿病、类风湿性关节炎、慢性肾功能衰竭、高脂血症等慢性疾病、静脉血栓形成既往史、肥胖、低身高、下肢静脉曲张等下肢静脉病变。

而深静脉血栓形成之所以常发生在腿部,是因为腿部血液回流较慢,且腿部静脉中有防止血液回流的静脉瓣,而静脉瓣膜通常是DVT的起始部位。

除了长时间的旅行,避难,手术后或者创伤也是引起下肢深静脉的血栓的危险因素。

创伤也易导致下肢深静脉血栓形成

文章开头所说的女记者崴脚后,因肺栓塞离世的病例,正是由于外伤导致的静脉血栓形成。

另有病例报道,一位61岁的男性因醉酒后骑摩托车不慎摔倒至左股骨骨干骨折,在医院进行手术治疗后回家休养。

一个多月后,患者因患肢肿胀、左足发凉并且呈进行性加重而再次入院治疗。院内进行下肢多普勒超声检查后发现患者左下肢深静脉血栓形成[3]

图片来源:Pixabay

外科手术后也经常是下肢深静脉血栓形成的高发期。而外科手术引发的DVT发病率因不同手术而易,普外科手术约为19%,神经外科约为24%,而骨关节手术最高可达48%~60%不等[4]。

骨科手术之所以易导致下肢深静脉血栓形成是因为骨科手术涉及创伤、应激、制动、长期卧床等多种因素,与血栓形成的三大因素,血液滞缓、静脉壁损伤和血液高凝状态密切相关。

因而下肢深静脉栓塞作为骨折病人的常见并发症,已经受到临床骨科医生的高度重视。

如何降低下肢深静脉血栓的发生率呢?

对于经历手术创伤的病人,因遵循医嘱,按照要求适时的活动,切勿自以为是认为生病后应以静养为主,拒绝配合身体理疗。

在下肢出现疼痛,肿胀,发热等症状时应及时就医。

而需要进行长时间旅行的人,应采取以下措施:

1. 在乘坐交通工具前或者过程中,避免服用镇静药、引用咖啡、茶和含乙醇饮料,应该多饮水和果汁;

2. 旅行中应尽量穿着宽松服饰,保持舒服坐姿,每小时走动一次,交通工具驾驶者,至少每2~3小时离开驾驶位置一次并作下肢运动;

3. 一般旅客在乘坐交通工具时,应每小时做3~4min规律的肢体伸缩运动,并对小腿腓肠肌进行按摩[5]

图片来源:Pixabay


如果在旅行途中或者旅行后出现小腿明显肿胀、疼痛、站立或行走时加重,小腿抽筋或远侧浅表静脉曲张,下肢伸直时急速背屈踝关节,小腿深部疼痛即Homan症阳性,提示发生DVT。

此时,应尽量避免下肢活动并抬高患肢,立即请人协助求医。如果在发生DVT数小时后或数天内突然出现呼吸困难、胸痛、心悸、咳嗽、咳血、晕厥等症状,即提示存在肺栓塞,应该紧急求救。

参考资料:

1. Pulmonary thromboembolism after travel[J]. British journal of diseases of the chest, 1977, 71: 138-140.

2. Blood clot kills woman after flight. Guardian, 2001,10:23.

3. 2例骨折病人术后并发下肢深静脉栓塞的护理。全科护理2012年2月第10卷第2期上旬版

4. 外科手术后下肢深静脉血栓的预防与治疗。中国实用外科杂志2001年5月第21期第5卷

5. 经济舱综合征的发病机制和预防。心血管病学进展2008年第29卷第5期

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    2019-01-05 月影子说

    学习

    0

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    2019-01-04 月影子说

    学习

    0

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    2019-01-02 月影子说

    学习

    0

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    2019-01-02 Dr-z

    讲得很详细

    0

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    2019-01-01 月影子说

    学习

    0

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    2018-12-30 月影子说

    学习

    0

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    2018-12-29 月影子说

    学习

    0

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    2018-12-27 月影子说

    学习

    0

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