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肘关节前脱位合并尺骨鹰嘴及冠状突骨折1例

2020-01-16 乔怡 王晓东 甄允方 中国矫形外科杂志

肘关节脱位在儿童并不多见,总发病率约3%,多数为后脱位,前脱位极为罕见,且多并发骨折。普通平片可明显观察到关节脱位,CT则有助于发现骨折,尤其是碎骨块嵌顿于关节内影响肘关节复位时。近期本院成功治疗一例肘关节前脱位患儿,报道如下。

肘关节脱位在儿童并不多见,总发病率约3%,多数为后脱位,前脱位极为罕见,且多并发骨折。普通平片可明显观察到关节脱位,CT则有助于发现骨折,尤其是碎骨块嵌顿于关节内影响肘关节复位时。近期本院成功治疗一例肘关节前脱位患儿,报道如下。

临床资料

患儿,女,6岁,课间与同学玩耍时不慎摔倒,右肘部屈肘着地,后被几名同学压倒,暴力导致肘关节前脱位,当地医院X线片提示肘关节前脱位合并尺骨近端骨折,入本院时患肢肿胀明显,拇指背伸稍有受限,后尝试手法复位失败,关节不稳定。复查X线提示仍存在肘关节前脱位。2019年5月10于全麻下行尺骨近端骨折复位克氏针张力带钢丝内固定术+肘关节复位石膏固定术,手术采用静脉加吸入复合麻醉,消毒铺单后,取肘后方正中切口,切开后见尺骨远端连同桡骨近端向前嵌入掌侧肌群内,尺骨近端为鹰嘴关节面近横形骨折,前方尺骨冠状突也有骨折,为薄片状软骨面撕脱,嵌顿于关节内,阻碍复位。清除淤血及嵌顿骨块软组织,复位尺骨骨折后,肘关节即自动复位。复位骨折块后,予1.6mm克氏针2枚钻入尺骨远端髓腔,将尺骨近端骨骺固定于干骺端,尺骨嵴处用克氏针钻孔,双股钢丝穿过孔道后8字缠绕克氏针并收紧,屈伸肘关节时见骨折块及肘关节稳定,关节内无游离骨块残留。克氏针及钢丝剪短后留置皮下,屈肘70°管型石膏固定。

术后1个月拆除石膏行功能锻炼,3个月时取出克氏针及张力带钢丝。末次随访时取出内固定。前关节活动好,肘关节屈伸活动无明显受限,活动范围约10°~135°,前臂旋转无受限,手指活动无受限(图1)。



讨论

儿童肘关节脱位发生率不高,而前脱位更为罕见,与后脱位相比,存在更高的肱动脉损伤及合并骨折的发生率。受伤原因常为屈肘时肘关节后方遭到直接暴力所致。暴力将肘关节推挤至前方,远端骨折块及桡骨近端一起嵌顿进软组织内,阻碍复位。尝试手法闭合复位时有弹性感,无法满意复位。本例患儿入院时即有拇指背伸受限,考虑合并桡神经损伤。术后拇指背伸功能即有所恢复,考虑桡神经一过性挫伤可能性大。

切开复位内固定的手术指征为合并血管神经损伤,或者闭合复位失败。单纯肘关节前脱位罕见,多合并尺骨近端骨折,且多为尺骨鹰嘴骨折,本例患儿同时合并尺骨冠状突骨折,尺骨冠状突骨折骨块小,并且不嵌顿于关节面内时无需特殊处理。尺骨鹰嘴骨折通常治疗方式为克氏针加张力带钢丝固定。尺骨近端对肘关节的稳定很重要,其中肱尺关节的稳定尤其重要,故一般复位尺骨近端骨折在获得稳定而良好的尺骨对位后,肘关节脱位常自动复位,且肘关节相对稳定。

儿童肘关节脱位还可能合并肱骨近端骨折甚至隐匿性骨骺骨折,普通X线片无法发现的骨折可通过MRI早期诊断,减少漏诊的发生率。肘关节僵硬是最常见的并发症之一,但儿童骨折关节僵硬相对较少,且长时间的固定并没有明显好处,应多提倡早期功能锻炼,术后4周拆除石膏即开始功能锻炼,多能获得良好的功能及预后。

原始出处:

乔怡,王晓东,甄允方,张福勇.肘关节前脱位合并尺骨鹰嘴及冠状突骨折1例报告[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2019,27(24):2303-2304.

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    2020-11-04 DEXTER3148
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    2020-04-13 xugc
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    2020-10-14 Tamikia
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