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Nature:脑机接口帮助重度渐冻症患者语言交流

2022-03-26 “生物世界”公众号 “生物世界”公众号

肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS),又称渐冻症,是世界卫生组织(WHO)认定的五大绝症之一,是一种累及上/下运动神经元及其支配的躯干、四肢和头面部肌肉的,一种慢性、进行性变性疾病。

肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS),又称渐冻症,是世界卫生组织(WHO)认定的五大绝症之一,是一种累及上/下运动神经元及其支配的躯干、四肢和头面部肌肉的,一种慢性、进行性变性疾病,常表现为上/下运动神经元合并受损所致的进行性加重的肌无力、肌萎缩和肌束颤动等。

渐冻症是最常见的一种运动神经元病,仅仅在我国就有大约20万渐冻症患者,患者发病年龄多在30-60岁之间,男性多于女性。渐冻症目前无特异性治疗药物,治疗主要为改善患者生活质量从而延缓病情发展。著名物理学家霍金、“人民英雄”张定宇、京东副总裁蔡磊都是渐冻症患者。

随着病情的进展,渐冻症患者逐渐对全身肌肉失去控制能力,从而无法语言交流。例如霍金,一开始还可以通过手指敲击键盘,之后他的手指也不能动弹后,英特尔为他开发了一款可以识别眼球和面部肌肉运动并转化为单词的电脑系统,帮助霍金与外界交流。

而一些连面部肌肉和眼球运动已经无法控制的完全闭锁状态患者,他们就像是被锁在了自己去躯体内,但仍有意识和知觉,他们该如何与外界交流呢?

2022年3月22日,Nature Communications 期刊发表了一篇题为:Spelling interface using intracortical signals in a completely locked-in patient enabled via auditory neurofeedback training 的研究论文。

研究团队开发了一种使用计算机从脑信号解码字母的方法,供完全闭锁状态患者的交流,这些发现表明,完全闭锁患者或有望使用脑机接口(BCI)进行语言交流。

丧失行动或说话能力的人可利用脑机接口恢复交流。该领域的研究重点是维持渐冻症患者的交流能力。在此之前,已经开发出一些方法帮助渐冻症患者使用眼球或面部肌肉移动进行交流。但是一旦丧失了对这些肌肉的控制,患者就失去了交流能力。

在这项研究中,研究团队开发了一种可植入患者大脑的听觉神经反馈系统,研究团队对一名34岁、已无法控制身体肌肉的处于完全闭锁状态的男性渐冻症患者进行了试验。

结果显示,在患者大脑中植入该听觉神经反馈系统后,他能够以每分钟一个词的速度形成单词和词组进行交流。患者能得到神经活动的听力反馈,研究团队指导患者通过控制大脑神经放电率,使反馈音的频率匹配目标音。如果放电率以给定范围的高端或低端改变持续超过250毫秒,就被分别解释为“是”或“否”。患者还能基于听觉反馈调整神经放电率,选择字母形成单词和词组以沟通自己的需求。

这些发现可使当前无法交流的完全闭锁状态患者进行语言交流。在推广到临床使用之前,还需进一步论证其长期性、在其他病人中的适用性,以及BCI的安全性和有效性。

原始出处:

Ujwal Chaudhary, et al. Spelling interface using intracortical signals in a completely locked-in patient enabled via auditory neurofeedback training. Nature Communications, volume 13, Article number: 1236 (2022).

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    2022-04-05 liye789132251
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    2022-03-25 xjy02
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    2022-03-25 yangjxjc

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