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肿瘤标志物的临床选择及认识上的五大误区

2017-02-16 佚名 家庭用药

肿瘤标志物是肿瘤细胞的特有产物,是表示肿瘤存在并反映其一定的生物特性的生化物质。从临床角度出发,主要是指那些在血液、体液及组织中可检测到的与肿瘤相关的物质。近年来,健康体检受到前所未有的重视,部分肿瘤标志物也已列入健康体检的项目中。但事实上,绝大部分的肿瘤标志物的检测却往往不能达到早期诊断肿瘤的目的。误区一:有助于肿瘤的早期诊断事实上,除了AFP有助于原发性肝癌的早期诊断,PSA、F-PSA及其比


肿瘤标志物是肿瘤细胞的特有产物,是表示肿瘤存在并反映其一定的生物特性的生化物质。从临床角度出发,主要是指那些在血液、体液及组织中可检测到的与肿瘤相关的物质。近年来,健康体检受到前所未有的重视,部分肿瘤标志物也已列入健康体检的项目中。但事实上,绝大部分的肿瘤标志物的检测却往往不能达到早期诊断肿瘤的目的。

误区一:有助于肿瘤的早期诊断

事实上,除了AFP有助于原发性肝癌的早期诊断,PSA、F-PSA及其比值有助于前列腺癌的早期诊断,其他肿瘤标志物的检测对于肿瘤的早期诊断并不具有很大的意义,其临床价值主要体现在分析疗效、判断预后、预测复发及转移等。肿瘤的早期诊断更多的需要结合病史、症状、体征、影像学检查(B超、CT、X线、胃镜、肠镜)等手段来综合分析,明确诊断则需要依靠病理检查。

误区二:阴性就可以排除相关肿瘤

既然多数肿瘤标志物的检测对于肿瘤的早期诊断并不具有很大的意义,那么,肿瘤标志物的阴性也就不能完全排除相关肿瘤。例如胃癌早期仅限于浸润或淋巴转移时血清CA199才明显升高。曾经有一位50岁左右的患者胃病史30余年,加重两周,消化科医生嘱其做胃镜检查,他却以近期CA199、CA50等指标阴性为由拒绝了。半年后出现黄疸,肝功能却无异常,才被迫接受胃镜检查,却发现胃癌已到晚期,勉强手术后一个月就去世了。即使像AFP这种对原发性肝癌的早期诊断具有相当意义的肿瘤标志物,其阳性率也仅达到79%~90%,(AFP诊断原发性肝癌的阳性阈值为>400ng/ml)。也就是说,还有10%~30%的原发性肝癌的患者,AFP是正常的或只有轻度的升高。

误区三:异常就可以诊断相关肿瘤

许多良性疾病都可以有肿瘤标志物的异常,如前列腺肥大、前列腺炎可以有PSA的轻、中度升高,子宫内膜异位症可以有CA125的轻、中度升高,急、慢性肝病时可以有CA125、CA199、CA50、铁蛋白的不同程度的升高。胆道疾病伴黄疸时常有CA199、CA50的明显升高,甚至长期吸烟者CEA也会有轻度升高。曾经有一位50岁左右的单纯的乙肝表面抗原阳性者,其CA199一直徘徊在50~70u/ml之间,(正常参考值 :<37u/ml),全身检查无任何其他异常,至今已十年有余。

误区四:只要联合效率就高

肿瘤标志物的联合应用确实能在一定程度上提高阳性检出率,但部分肿瘤标志物之间的相关性极高,如CA199和CA50之间的相关性可达到95%~98%,即95%~98%的被检者如CA199正常,则CA50也正常,CA199异常,则CA50也异常,这时就可以选用一些灵敏度更高的肿瘤标志物,如CA724。再比如CA242较少受到黄疸的影响,在胆道、胰腺良恶性疾病的鉴别诊断中具有较高价值。

误区五:轻度升高价值不大

正因为许多良性疾病都可以有肿瘤标志物的异常,所以有些医生认为肿瘤标志物的轻度升高价值不大,只有在高于正常参考值5倍以上才有意义。事实并非如此,因为在大多数情况下,正常参考值的范围都订得比较宽。因此,在排除了良性疾病以后,即使是肿瘤标志物的轻度升高同样有很大价值。曾经有一位患者,其CA199、CA50都只是轻度升高,经反复检查,最后通过增强CT查出了胆囊癌,在及时手术以后,至今已存活3年。



临床上,对于肿瘤标志物的应用应该是既不迷信,也不轻视,根据不同情况、不同目的选择或联合使用之。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1840964, encodeId=b7ad1840964e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=18bf61953d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#标志物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61953, encryptionId=18bf61953d3, topicName=标志物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ab940, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Tue Nov 21 00:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=177807, encodeId=10c61e7807f2, content=敏感准确特异。太难了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=01bb1684217, createdName=医张生, createdTime=Sat Feb 25 06:08:09 CST 2017, time=2017-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=177329, encodeId=eb791e73297c, content=敏感性特异性准确率三大点, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151226/IMG567EB873985DE3928.jpg, createdBy=ea941622301, createdName=inter158, createdTime=Tue Feb 21 23:18:40 CST 2017, time=2017-02-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1308797, encodeId=6de21308e97f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa7291842d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#误区#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91842, encryptionId=aa7291842d9, topicName=误区)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e9a6357, createdName=xiangyuzhou971, createdTime=Sat Feb 18 00:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=176599, encodeId=92e01e6599d7, content=非常好的文章,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=151, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20170213/IMG58A11D4EA90459395.jpg, createdBy=e7ab2019990, createdName=生物小菜鸟, createdTime=Fri Feb 17 10:32:20 CST 2017, time=2017-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=176450, encodeId=7a641e645003, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=159, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Thu Feb 16 12:32:40 CST 2017, time=2017-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-02-25 医张生

    敏感准确特异。太难了。

    0

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    2017-02-21 inter158

    敏感性特异性准确率三大点

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1840964, encodeId=b7ad1840964e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=18bf61953d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#标志物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61953, encryptionId=18bf61953d3, topicName=标志物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ab940, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Tue Nov 21 00:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=177807, encodeId=10c61e7807f2, content=敏感准确特异。太难了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=01bb1684217, createdName=医张生, createdTime=Sat Feb 25 06:08:09 CST 2017, time=2017-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=177329, encodeId=eb791e73297c, content=敏感性特异性准确率三大点, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151226/IMG567EB873985DE3928.jpg, createdBy=ea941622301, createdName=inter158, createdTime=Tue Feb 21 23:18:40 CST 2017, time=2017-02-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1308797, encodeId=6de21308e97f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa7291842d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#误区#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91842, encryptionId=aa7291842d9, topicName=误区)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e9a6357, createdName=xiangyuzhou971, createdTime=Sat Feb 18 00:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=176599, encodeId=92e01e6599d7, content=非常好的文章,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=151, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20170213/IMG58A11D4EA90459395.jpg, createdBy=e7ab2019990, createdName=生物小菜鸟, createdTime=Fri Feb 17 10:32:20 CST 2017, time=2017-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=176450, encodeId=7a641e645003, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=159, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Thu Feb 16 12:32:40 CST 2017, time=2017-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1840964, encodeId=b7ad1840964e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=18bf61953d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#标志物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61953, encryptionId=18bf61953d3, topicName=标志物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ab940, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Tue Nov 21 00:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=177807, encodeId=10c61e7807f2, content=敏感准确特异。太难了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=01bb1684217, createdName=医张生, createdTime=Sat Feb 25 06:08:09 CST 2017, time=2017-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=177329, encodeId=eb791e73297c, content=敏感性特异性准确率三大点, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151226/IMG567EB873985DE3928.jpg, createdBy=ea941622301, createdName=inter158, createdTime=Tue Feb 21 23:18:40 CST 2017, time=2017-02-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1308797, encodeId=6de21308e97f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa7291842d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#误区#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91842, encryptionId=aa7291842d9, topicName=误区)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e9a6357, createdName=xiangyuzhou971, createdTime=Sat Feb 18 00:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=176599, encodeId=92e01e6599d7, content=非常好的文章,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=151, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20170213/IMG58A11D4EA90459395.jpg, createdBy=e7ab2019990, createdName=生物小菜鸟, createdTime=Fri Feb 17 10:32:20 CST 2017, time=2017-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=176450, encodeId=7a641e645003, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=159, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Thu Feb 16 12:32:40 CST 2017, time=2017-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-02-17 生物小菜鸟

    非常好的文章,学习了

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1840964, encodeId=b7ad1840964e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=18bf61953d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#标志物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61953, encryptionId=18bf61953d3, topicName=标志物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ab940, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Tue Nov 21 00:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=177807, encodeId=10c61e7807f2, content=敏感准确特异。太难了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=01bb1684217, createdName=医张生, createdTime=Sat Feb 25 06:08:09 CST 2017, time=2017-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=177329, encodeId=eb791e73297c, content=敏感性特异性准确率三大点, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151226/IMG567EB873985DE3928.jpg, createdBy=ea941622301, createdName=inter158, createdTime=Tue Feb 21 23:18:40 CST 2017, time=2017-02-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1308797, encodeId=6de21308e97f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa7291842d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#误区#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91842, encryptionId=aa7291842d9, topicName=误区)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e9a6357, createdName=xiangyuzhou971, createdTime=Sat Feb 18 00:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=176599, encodeId=92e01e6599d7, content=非常好的文章,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=151, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20170213/IMG58A11D4EA90459395.jpg, createdBy=e7ab2019990, createdName=生物小菜鸟, createdTime=Fri Feb 17 10:32:20 CST 2017, time=2017-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=176450, encodeId=7a641e645003, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=159, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Thu Feb 16 12:32:40 CST 2017, time=2017-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-02-16 李东泽

    很好,不错,以后会多学习

    0

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