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早应用早达标:伴多支病变的ASCVD极高危患者血脂管理的新观点

2019-06-10 国际循环编辑部 国际循环

近期,国内外一些新的指南,在ASCVD患者中推荐进一步对风险高低进行划分,其中合并多支病变就被认为是ASCVD中的极高风险。在本届东方心脏病学会议上,来自上海第六人民医院的魏盟教授就伴多支病变的ASCVD极高危患者如何有效管理血脂水平发表了新的观点。

在欧洲ESC/EAS血脂异常管理指南和2016中国成人血脂异常防治指南中,血脂管理均遵循了同样的“三部曲”:评估总体风险、设定治疗目标和制定具体的治疗方案。临床实践中,动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)患者被视为心血管风险极高危的患者。近期,国内外一些新的指南,在ASCVD患者中推荐进一步对风险高低进行划分,其中合并多支病变就被认为是ASCVD中的极高风险。在本届东方心脏病学会议上,来自上海第六人民医院的魏盟教授就伴多支病变的ASCVD极高危患者如何有效管理血脂水平发表了新的观点。

多支病变让冠心病患者的预后改善不容乐观

2018年发表的一项丹麦登记队列研究评估了心肌梗死(MI)患者出院7天内心肌梗死(MI)、卒中或死亡的发生风险后发现,伴多支病变的MI患者较无显著狭窄患者的心血管事件风险明显增加。来自美国的数据显示,伴多支病变的心血管疾病患者,1年的MI和死亡风险较无冠心病者均显著升高。而罹患多种血管疾病,如脑血管疾病、外周动脉疾病和冠心病的患者,心血管事件的发生风险较单一血管病变患者更高。因此,伴多支病变的ASCVD患者, 其危险分层属于ASCVD极高危中的 “高风险”人群。对于此类人群需要更为积极的血管管理策略和更强化的血脂治疗方案。

伴多支病变的ASCVD极高危患者,目标LDL-C应更严格

Ference BA等的荟萃分析显示,LDL-C的降低程度与心血管风险强对数线性相关。通常,降脂治疗的绝对获益取决于个体动脉粥样硬化事件的绝对风险以及LDL-C所能达到的绝对减少,即患者的动脉粥样硬化事件风险越高,降脂治疗后LDL-C的降幅越大,避免的心血管事件越多。根据国内外多部指南的推荐,ASCVD患者的目标LDL-C应低于1.8 mmol/L,甚至更低。随着研究的进展,2017年AACE/ACE和2018AHA/ACC胆固醇指南均做出更新,认为 “极高风险ASCVD”LDL-C目标应更低一些,这其中应包括伴多支病变的ASCVD患者。

然而,当前中国的血脂管理现实仍不理想。一项对2013-2014年中国大陆163 641例年龄>18岁的成人进行的回顾性调查显示,中国极高危患者的LDL-C达标率仅为6.8%,远低于总体人群的71.1%和低危患者的81.9%。全球的登记研究DYSIS研究提示,中国接受他汀治疗人群LDL-C达标率不足1/3,尤其是极高危人群。而国内患者即使接受高强度/最大耐受剂量他汀治疗,仍有63.8%的急性冠脉综合征患者的LDL-C未达标。可见,临床实际中,中国患者LDL-C的达标情况堪忧!

尽早联合PCSK9抑制剂促进多支病变患者尽早达标

他汀类药物被认为是降脂治疗的基石。但针对10 001例确诊冠心病和LDL-C<3.4 mmol/L患者的TNT研究却表明,即使接受高强度他汀(阿托伐他汀10 mg/d和80 mg/d)治疗,ASCVD患者仍存在残余心血管风险。如何降低残余风险?魏盟教授指出,在他汀基础上加用非他汀类降脂药物是一种值得考虑的优化治疗手段。

前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素 9型(PCSK9)抑制剂是降脂肪治疗的新星。PCSK9抑制剂通过抑制PCSK9与低密度脂蛋白受体的结合,提高肝脏清除LDL-C的能力,降低血液中LDL-C的水平。一项入选了69项使用最大耐受剂量中/高强度他汀后仍需进一步降低LDL-C的研究的系统回顾显示,PCSK9抑制剂依洛优单抗能在中/高强度他汀基础上进一步降低LDL-C,降幅比例达52%~74%。GLAGOV研究证实,与安慰剂相比,依洛尤单抗治疗后患者LDL-C平均降至1.0 mmol/L,随之而来的是斑块的变化——64%的接受高至中等强度他汀治疗的ASCVD患者斑块体积发生逆转。具有里程碑式意义的FOURIER研究在接受中高强度他汀治疗的高风险ASCVD患者中评估依洛尤单抗的疗效和安全性。其结果令人欣喜:依洛尤单抗显著降低LDL-C至0.78 mmol/L,降幅达59%(图1);且这一优势持续存在,在治疗的120周始终使LDL-C保持在较低水平。而LDL-C的降低也带来了真正意义上的临床获益,依洛尤单抗(140 mg每隔一周或420 mg每月一次)降低主要复合终点事件(心梗、卒中、心血管死亡、冠脉血运重建及因不稳定心绞痛住院)风险降低15%;降低次要终点(心梗、卒中或心血管死亡)风险降低20%(图2)。且随着时间的延长,依洛尤单抗治疗能带来更大的获益,Landmark分析显示依洛尤单抗治疗第1年相对风险降低12%;1年以后,相对风险降低19%。取得显著临床获益的同时,依洛优单抗的安全性也得到验证,FOURIER研究中,除注射部位反应(依洛尤单抗更常见;P<0.001)依洛尤单抗的安全性与安慰剂相似。

 

图1. 在他汀治疗的基础上,依洛优单抗较安慰剂显著降低LDL-C水平



图2. 依洛优单抗显著降低心血管事件发生风险

对于伴多支病变的患者依洛优单抗同样带去了希望。在FOURIER的亚组分析中,5618例合并多支病变的MI患者被发现具有更高的主要终点和关键次要终点发生风险;依洛优单抗倾向于使合并多支病变的患者,获得更多的主要终点绝对获益(多支病变 Vs 无多支病变:3.6% vs 1.2%)和关键次要终点绝对获益。基于丰富的证据支持,2018年新发表的几篇文章提出, 使用实用且经济有效的PCSK9抑制剂治理策略可对于“最高风险“的患者带来”最多获益”。这种策略实际是指对此类患者尽早添加PCSK9抑制剂则可提供显著的绝对风险降低和令人满意的成本效益。

 

 图3. 依洛优单抗对有/无多支病变患者主要终点绝对获益的影响



 图3. 依洛优单抗对有/无多支病变患者关键次要终点绝对获益的影响

小 结

ASCVD患者的血脂管理首先应评估其发病危险,根据ASCVD 的不同危险程度,确定调脂治疗需要达到的LDL-C目标值,之后确定治疗方案。合并多支病变的ASCVD患者属于极高风险的ASCVD,尽早应用PCSK9抑制剂依洛优单抗可显著降低患者LDL-C水平至目标值,并长期维持,从而使患者心血管事件的发生率明显降低,且产生卓越疗效的同时安全性得到保证,显著改善患者预后。

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    怎么找到参考文献呢

    0

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    2019-06-14 smartxiuxiu

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1955774, encodeId=c27c1955e747b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5b0b1022667b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高危患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102266, encryptionId=5b0b1022667b, topicName=高危患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=05a2499, createdName=dzx0922889, createdTime=Sat Jan 25 07:21:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1938977, encodeId=8b1519389e711, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1c292818fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ASC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2818, encryptionId=1c292818fd, topicName=ASC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=74808, createdName=quxin068, createdTime=Mon Dec 16 12:21:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=367848, encodeId=d0aa36e848df, content=怎么找到参考文献呢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93915090911, createdName=145d23e3m03(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Jun 16 14:36:15 CST 2019, time=2019-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=367756, encodeId=40ab36e75652, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Fri Jun 14 23:26:36 CST 2019, time=2019-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1271118, encodeId=67ad12e1118ed, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6929284181' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ASCVD#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2841, encryptionId=6929284181, topicName=ASCVD)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9d8a96, createdName=doctorzheng, createdTime=Wed Jun 12 14:21:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=367588, encodeId=554c36e5884d, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaAVWEsIJUkA1ITy3uL0lhHUhyaJibWgFtH4KbJuaLbY2WUK33jgCFyoZ8Eqx7eE7hCuZhytc1C5GRrfjVXN8lYg/0, createdBy=fcb82149579, createdName=183****7028, createdTime=Tue Jun 11 08:22:56 CST 2019, time=2019-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=367577, encodeId=016936e5775d, content=学习学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRkia1DP5MpwEgtXo1XhXA11xD6MWKxunAZFXKSNic0fWHUQx83oNHPlRMxxIctM83QKeCLkJpMibibiaC/0, createdBy=7e581734408, createdName=深海的鱼, createdTime=Tue Jun 11 06:35:02 CST 2019, time=2019-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-06-12 doctorzheng
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1955774, encodeId=c27c1955e747b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5b0b1022667b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高危患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102266, encryptionId=5b0b1022667b, topicName=高危患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=05a2499, createdName=dzx0922889, createdTime=Sat Jan 25 07:21:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1938977, encodeId=8b1519389e711, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1c292818fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ASC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2818, encryptionId=1c292818fd, topicName=ASC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=74808, createdName=quxin068, createdTime=Mon Dec 16 12:21:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=367848, encodeId=d0aa36e848df, content=怎么找到参考文献呢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93915090911, createdName=145d23e3m03(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Jun 16 14:36:15 CST 2019, time=2019-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=367756, encodeId=40ab36e75652, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Fri Jun 14 23:26:36 CST 2019, time=2019-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1271118, encodeId=67ad12e1118ed, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6929284181' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ASCVD#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2841, encryptionId=6929284181, topicName=ASCVD)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9d8a96, createdName=doctorzheng, createdTime=Wed Jun 12 14:21:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=367588, encodeId=554c36e5884d, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaAVWEsIJUkA1ITy3uL0lhHUhyaJibWgFtH4KbJuaLbY2WUK33jgCFyoZ8Eqx7eE7hCuZhytc1C5GRrfjVXN8lYg/0, createdBy=fcb82149579, createdName=183****7028, createdTime=Tue Jun 11 08:22:56 CST 2019, time=2019-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=367577, encodeId=016936e5775d, content=学习学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRkia1DP5MpwEgtXo1XhXA11xD6MWKxunAZFXKSNic0fWHUQx83oNHPlRMxxIctM83QKeCLkJpMibibiaC/0, createdBy=7e581734408, createdName=深海的鱼, createdTime=Tue Jun 11 06:35:02 CST 2019, time=2019-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-06-11 183****7028

    学习

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1955774, encodeId=c27c1955e747b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5b0b1022667b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高危患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102266, encryptionId=5b0b1022667b, topicName=高危患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=05a2499, createdName=dzx0922889, createdTime=Sat Jan 25 07:21:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1938977, encodeId=8b1519389e711, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1c292818fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ASC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2818, encryptionId=1c292818fd, topicName=ASC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=74808, createdName=quxin068, createdTime=Mon Dec 16 12:21:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=367848, encodeId=d0aa36e848df, content=怎么找到参考文献呢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93915090911, createdName=145d23e3m03(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Jun 16 14:36:15 CST 2019, time=2019-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=367756, encodeId=40ab36e75652, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Fri Jun 14 23:26:36 CST 2019, time=2019-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1271118, encodeId=67ad12e1118ed, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6929284181' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ASCVD#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2841, encryptionId=6929284181, topicName=ASCVD)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9d8a96, createdName=doctorzheng, createdTime=Wed Jun 12 14:21:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=367588, encodeId=554c36e5884d, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaAVWEsIJUkA1ITy3uL0lhHUhyaJibWgFtH4KbJuaLbY2WUK33jgCFyoZ8Eqx7eE7hCuZhytc1C5GRrfjVXN8lYg/0, createdBy=fcb82149579, createdName=183****7028, createdTime=Tue Jun 11 08:22:56 CST 2019, time=2019-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=367577, encodeId=016936e5775d, content=学习学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRkia1DP5MpwEgtXo1XhXA11xD6MWKxunAZFXKSNic0fWHUQx83oNHPlRMxxIctM83QKeCLkJpMibibiaC/0, createdBy=7e581734408, createdName=深海的鱼, createdTime=Tue Jun 11 06:35:02 CST 2019, time=2019-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-06-11 深海的鱼

    学习学习学习

    0

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