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「长生不老药」NMN或可实现秦始皇永生的梦想?

2022-05-14 生物探索 生物探索

伴随NMN可治疗新冠的消息传出,NMN最近又开始了“翻红之旅”。

2000多年前,秦始皇派出船队,前往传说中的仙岛寻求长生不老术。60年前,美国生物学家伦纳德·海弗里克提出的“海弗里克极限”——人类寿命极限约为124到144岁,一度成为科学的共识。随着科学技术的日益发达,以及大脑信息数字化技术的发展,“海弗里克极限”取得突破,成为越来越多科学爱好者追逐的目标。

哈佛遗传教授大卫·辛克莱(David Sinclair)曾提出NMN(Nicotinamide Mononucleotide)有逆转衰老的功效:通过维持细胞内充足的NAD+,可以保持DNA的自我修复能力,使年龄增长带来的DNA损伤得以有效修复,从而抑制衰老。而NMN原料是NAD+的前体,服用NMN可以提高体内NAD+水平。然而NMN存在很多争议,伴随NMN可治疗新冠的消息传出,NMN最近又开始了“翻红之旅”。

“长生不老药”NMN究竟是什么?

NMN(β-烟酰胺单核苷酸)是一种生物活性核苷酸,与免疫、代谢息息相关(图1)。NMN本身是人类和生物体内自然生成的物质。从母乳中含有NMN这点来看,可以说是人类生下来最初摄入的营养物质之一。黄绿色蔬菜中也含有NMN,所以与药物不同,NMN是一种广泛存在于天然食材中的物质,其安全性有保障。但是,不排除个别个体可能存在食品过敏的可能性。

图1 NMN(图源:NMN官网)

NMN天然存在于活细胞中,是“辅酶I”(烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸)的前体,可适当延长寿命。真正发挥抗衰老作用的是一种称为烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)的重要能量代谢物(图2)。随着年龄增长,NAD+水平的降低导致DNA修复能力下降, DNA损伤积累,驱动衰老进程。NAD+在细胞中参与细胞呼吸作用,促进能量代谢过程(如葡萄糖、脂肪、氨基酸的氧化)。NAD+不仅是活细胞中几百种氧化还原反应的辅酶,它还作为底物参与调节细胞存活、细胞凋亡、DNA修复、免疫应答、昼夜节律等多种生理功能。

图2 NAD+(图源:NMN官网)

补充NMN可提升人体内NAD+含量,NAD+可以激活一组被称作“长寿蛋白”的Sirtuins蛋白,从而减少疾病发生,延缓衰老,因此NMN又被称为“长寿药”,作为膳食补充剂深受消费市场的青睐。

早在1906年,两名生物化学家发现NAD+能促进酵母提取物中的酒精发酵,是一种全新的辅助物质,因此赢得了1929年的诺贝尔化学奖。1936年,奥托·沃伯格发现了NAD+在能量代谢过程中的功能:NAD+和它的还原形式NADH能通过在氧化和还原形式之间的转换,将电子从一个反应带到另一个反应,促进反应完成,这需要利用NAD+ / NADH的生化反应包括酒精代谢、糖酵解、糖异生、脂肪酸代谢和三羧酸循环等等。三羧酸循环是一种代谢通路,形似麦田怪圈,拥有让人一背完就忘记的魔力,它也是联系糖、脂肪和蛋白质代谢的枢纽。同时,NAD+/NADH对维持细胞内的还原性环境,抵抗氧化损伤有重要意义。除了在氧化还原方面的作用,NAD+还是一些蛋白所需的辅酶,这些蛋白包括与DNA修复有关的PARP家族蛋白,与钙平衡相关的CD38和CD157蛋白,以及跟长寿有关的Sirtuin家族蛋白等。

吃了NMN能不能实现“长生不老”?

暂无研究证实吃NMN能实现“长生不老”般的永生。尽管没有临床数据支撑,但在“不老药”“长寿药”的光环加持之下,NMN相关产品及概念还是受到市场的热捧。此前在电商平台上,NMN的产品售价几百至几万元不等,且均为国外进口品牌。如果一瓶NMN含量是60粒,每天需服用2粒,按照2月—3个月见效的说法,大概需要服用3瓶左右,按其每瓶3000元左右计算,需花费一万元左右才能有一定效果。

值不值得吃?为NMN补充剂带货的名人中,以李嘉诚或者潘石屹这一类高消费人群为主。网上能买到的NMN价格不一,均价在几千一瓶。普通消费人群可能要斟酌后才会消费。如果为减少疾病的发生、延缓衰老,NMN可作为保健品达到膳食补充剂的功效,是否真的可以长生不老,还需要时间和科学的考证。

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1234244, encodeId=7b41123424404, content=已发展到第4代,效果更好,售价也大幅下降!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Sat Jul 23 12:48:55 CST 2022, time=2022-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2048188, encodeId=f46c20481885a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ee1320462f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不老药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20462, encryptionId=ee1320462f4, topicName=不老药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=52c7237, createdName=yahu, createdTime=Sun Apr 23 23:02:16 CST 2023, time=2023-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1220196, encodeId=471c12201963a, content=传销的吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3a722512235, createdName=124c04f6m06暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue May 17 08:04:40 CST 2022, time=2022-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1219736, encodeId=2f571219e3682, content=等着降价!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Sun May 15 10:05:37 CST 2022, time=2022-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1219701, encodeId=02561219e0152, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Sun May 15 06:37:25 CST 2022, time=2022-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-07-23 weigq

    已发展到第4代,效果更好,售价也大幅下降!

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1234244, encodeId=7b41123424404, content=已发展到第4代,效果更好,售价也大幅下降!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Sat Jul 23 12:48:55 CST 2022, time=2022-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2048188, encodeId=f46c20481885a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ee1320462f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不老药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20462, encryptionId=ee1320462f4, topicName=不老药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=52c7237, createdName=yahu, createdTime=Sun Apr 23 23:02:16 CST 2023, time=2023-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1220196, encodeId=471c12201963a, content=传销的吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3a722512235, createdName=124c04f6m06暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue May 17 08:04:40 CST 2022, time=2022-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1219736, encodeId=2f571219e3682, content=等着降价!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Sun May 15 10:05:37 CST 2022, time=2022-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1219701, encodeId=02561219e0152, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Sun May 15 06:37:25 CST 2022, time=2022-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2023-04-23 yahu
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1234244, encodeId=7b41123424404, content=已发展到第4代,效果更好,售价也大幅下降!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Sat Jul 23 12:48:55 CST 2022, time=2022-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2048188, encodeId=f46c20481885a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ee1320462f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不老药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20462, encryptionId=ee1320462f4, topicName=不老药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=52c7237, createdName=yahu, createdTime=Sun Apr 23 23:02:16 CST 2023, time=2023-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1220196, encodeId=471c12201963a, content=传销的吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3a722512235, createdName=124c04f6m06暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue May 17 08:04:40 CST 2022, time=2022-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1219736, encodeId=2f571219e3682, content=等着降价!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Sun May 15 10:05:37 CST 2022, time=2022-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1219701, encodeId=02561219e0152, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Sun May 15 06:37:25 CST 2022, time=2022-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-05-17 124c04f6m06暂无昵称

    传销的吗?

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1234244, encodeId=7b41123424404, content=已发展到第4代,效果更好,售价也大幅下降!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Sat Jul 23 12:48:55 CST 2022, time=2022-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2048188, encodeId=f46c20481885a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ee1320462f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不老药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20462, encryptionId=ee1320462f4, topicName=不老药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=52c7237, createdName=yahu, createdTime=Sun Apr 23 23:02:16 CST 2023, time=2023-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1220196, encodeId=471c12201963a, content=传销的吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3a722512235, createdName=124c04f6m06暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue May 17 08:04:40 CST 2022, time=2022-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1219736, encodeId=2f571219e3682, content=等着降价!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Sun May 15 10:05:37 CST 2022, time=2022-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1219701, encodeId=02561219e0152, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Sun May 15 06:37:25 CST 2022, time=2022-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-05-15 weigq

    等着降价!

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1234244, encodeId=7b41123424404, content=已发展到第4代,效果更好,售价也大幅下降!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Sat Jul 23 12:48:55 CST 2022, time=2022-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2048188, encodeId=f46c20481885a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ee1320462f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不老药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20462, encryptionId=ee1320462f4, topicName=不老药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=52c7237, createdName=yahu, createdTime=Sun Apr 23 23:02:16 CST 2023, time=2023-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1220196, encodeId=471c12201963a, content=传销的吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3a722512235, createdName=124c04f6m06暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue May 17 08:04:40 CST 2022, time=2022-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1219736, encodeId=2f571219e3682, content=等着降价!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Sun May 15 10:05:37 CST 2022, time=2022-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1219701, encodeId=02561219e0152, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Sun May 15 06:37:25 CST 2022, time=2022-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-05-15 学医无涯

    学习一下

    0

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