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Cell Death&disease:大肠癌细胞坏死性药物疗法

2015-05-04 佚名 生物谷

大肠癌(Colorectal cancer)是致死率很高的主要癌症类型之一。目前用于治疗大肠癌的方法主要是药物治疗,比如5-FU,以及irinotecan。然而,临床上接受药物治疗的晚期大肠癌患者五年存活率不足10%。常规性的抗癌药物的主要作用机理是引起DNA的损伤以及细胞的死亡,包括线粒体介导的内源性细胞凋亡以及死亡受体介导的外源性细胞凋亡。在肿瘤恶化过程中,新产生的肿瘤细胞经常会发生遗传或

大肠癌(Colorectal cancer)是致死率很高的主要癌症类型之一。目前用于治疗大肠癌的方法主要是药物治疗,比如5-FU,以及irinotecan。然而,临床上接受药物治疗的晚期大肠癌患者五年存活率不足10%。常规性的抗癌药物的主要作用机理是引起DNA的损伤以及细胞的死亡,包括线粒体介导的内源性细胞凋亡以及死亡受体介导的外源性细胞凋亡。在肿瘤恶化过程中,新产生的肿瘤细胞经常会发生遗传或表观遗传上的突变,导致其对细胞凋亡不再敏感。因此,寻找其它导致癌细胞死亡的方式对于癌症的治疗十分重要。

很久以来,细胞坏死都被认为是一类无规律的、被动性的细胞死亡方式,主要由炎症反应与组织损伤引发。最近几年的研究发现一些类型的坏死也是受到信号调控的。主要机理是:TNF-R1受到TNF-a的刺激激活,从而招募下游的丝氨酸激酶-RIP1与RIP3,进一步促发细胞坏死。在正常状态下这种程序化细胞坏死信号被细胞凋亡所抑制。在小鼠中,当caspase 8缺失后,小鼠由于RIP3导致的细胞坏死信号活化使得其在胚胎期致死。当额外敲除RIP-3后,小鼠便可正常发育。另外,在体外实验中caspase-8的抑制能够将TNF-a引导的细胞凋亡向细胞坏死方向转变,这一过程依赖RIP1, RIP3以及下游的效应分子MLKL。然而,目前对于DNA损伤如何引发细胞凋亡的机制仍不清楚。
 
最近,来自美国匹斯堡大学医学院的MF Brown等人在《nature cell death&disease》杂志发表了癌细胞坏死引发机制的研究结果。
 
首先,作者以人大肠癌细胞系HCT116为研究对象,人为敲除了细胞中的caspase 3蛋白。出人意料的是:敲除后的细胞系HCT116-/-对5-FU等癌症药物处理变得异常敏感(细胞生长受阻,细胞凋亡增多)。通过将肿瘤移植入小鼠体内,作者发现caspase 3敲除后的,在小鼠体内肿瘤耐药性相对于野生型(HCT116WT)下降明显。
 
之后,作者通过生化检测的手段发现HCT116-/-细胞与HCT116WT细胞在5-FU刺激下均发生了明显的caspase 9与caspase 7的切割活化。这一结果说明DNA损伤引起的细胞凋亡并没有收到影响。此外, HCT116-/-细胞在受到刺激后还出现了非细胞凋亡的现象:HMGB1的释放。对于细胞凋亡进行染色分析,作者发现HCT116-/-细胞与HCT116WT细胞在5-FU刺激下均发生了一定比例的细胞凋亡(Annexin-5+),而且这一亚群可以被pan-caspase 抑制剂Z-VAD完全抑制。然而,HCT116-/-细胞还有相当一部分细胞亚群是坏死状态(Annexin-5-/PI+),这在野生型细胞中并没有出现,而且这一部分细胞不能被Z-VAD所抑制。
 
之前的研究发现,细胞坏死的信号是由一个经典的蛋白复合体介导的。这一复合体由caspase-8,RIP1,RIP3组成,可以被称为"坏死小体"。通过免疫共沉淀实验,作者发现在HCT116-/-细胞与HCT116WT细胞中,5-FU的刺激能够促进这一小体的形成,而在HCT116WT细胞中caspase 3也存在于这一复合体中。通过Z-VAD进行阻断,作者发现HCT116WT细胞的caspase 3不再存在于这一小体中,而展现出于与HCT116-/-细胞相似的表型。之后,作者向HCT116-/-细胞转入无酶活性的caspase-3,检测发现这一处理能够完全抑制HMGB1的释放与坏死的发生,这一结果说明caspase-3抑制坏死小体的发生不依赖于其酶活性。
 
之后,作者希望了解5-FU诱导的HCT116-/-细胞的坏死是否依赖caspase-8或RIP1,因此作者利用不同的手段(shRNA,dominant negative mutant,小分子抑制剂,siRNA)抑制RIP1与caspase-8的活性。检测结果发现,这些抑制的处理均能阻断5-FU刺激HCT116-/-细胞后引发的细胞坏死(Annexin-5/PI染色)与HGMB1的释放。之后,作者针对另外一株细胞系RKO利用shRNA方法进行caspase-3的敲低。结果与上述相同。
 
最终,作者证明了这一信号依赖于下游的活性氧反应。
 
总之,该文章第一次提出了caspase-3对于癌细胞的坏死具有负向的调控作用,因此在临床上结合DNA损伤药物与caspase-3抑制剂药物进行配合治疗有望诱导癌细胞发生坏死,从而达到最终清除癌细胞的目的。

原始出处:

M F Brown1,2, B J Leibowitz1,2, D Chen2,3, K He1,2, F Zou2,3, R W Sobol2,3, D Beer-Stolz1,2, L Zhang2,3 and J Yu1,2.Loss of Caspase-3 sensitizes colon cancer cells to genotoxic stress via RIP1-dependent necrosis.Cell Death and Disease, April 23, 2015.doi:10.1038/cddis.2015.104

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    2016-03-17 维他命
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    2015-05-06 yxch36
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