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​引起横纹肌溶解的药物有哪些?出现了如何应对?

2020-02-26 佚名 药学家园

横纹肌溶解症是指各种原因引起的广泛横纹肌细胞坏死,导致肌细胞内容物渗出到细胞外液及血液中,引起生化紊乱和脏器功能损害,严重的可伴有急性肾衰竭、电解质紊乱等综合征。

什么是横纹肌溶解(RM)?

横纹肌溶解症是指各种原因引起的广泛横纹肌细胞坏死,导致肌细胞内容物渗出到细胞外液及血液中,引起生化紊乱和脏器功能损害,严重的可伴有急性肾衰竭、电解质紊乱等综合征。

引起横纹肌溶解的机制目前并不明晰,但主要原因是细胞内游离钙离子的升高。

引起RM的原因有创伤、运动过度、酗酒、毒物、感染、缺血等,RM的预后不良,一旦发生即为严重的不良反应。

80%的RM都是药物引起的,又称为药源性RM。能引起药源性RM的药物主要有降脂药、抗感染类药物、抗病毒药物、β2受体激动剂、阿片类药物、引起低钾血症的药物。

一、他汀类降脂药如辛伐他汀、阿托伐他汀、瑞舒伐他汀

他汀类药物是临床上首选调节血脂的药物,也是引起药源性横纹肌溶解的最常见药物。通常大于80岁的老年患者,联合用药、剂量过大时会出现RM。

建议:

1、避免他汀类药物剂量过大。

2、医师在选择降脂药时要考虑到联合用药对RM的影响,降低RM发生的风险。

CYP3A4酶强抑制剂如克拉霉素、唑类抗真菌剂、胺碘酮、环孢素不应与经过此酶代谢的辛伐他汀、阿托伐他汀联用,应该首选普伐他汀或氟伐他汀;

而CYP2C9抑制剂氟康唑不应与经过此酶代谢的瑞舒伐他汀、氟伐他汀联用。

使用他汀类药物的患者要定期监测肾功能,特别是联合用药的老年心肌梗死、脑梗死患者。

二、贝特类降脂药如苯扎贝特、非诺贝特

贝特类药物主要用于治疗以高甘油三酯、高胆固醇为特征的脂肪代谢紊乱的患者,临床上的用量仅次于他汀类。

贝特类药物有一定的肝脏毒性和肌肉毒性,严重的可导致肌痛、横纹肌溶解。而联合他汀类药物或者其他能引起横纹肌肉溶解的药物,或者在肾功能不全患者应用时发生RM的风险升高。

建议:

1、避免贝特类药物剂量过大。

2、能引起横纹肌溶解的药物要尽量避免合用。

3、肾功能不全的老年患者中,要根据肌酐清除率调整药物剂量,定期监测肝功能、心肌酶。

三、抗感染药物如喹诺酮类

氟喹诺酮类药如左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、氧氟沙星均能增加肌腱炎和肌腱炎断裂的风险。

主要表现为关节痛、肌肉痛。氟喹诺酮类药物会使重症肌无力患者的肌无力症状恶化。

建议:

1、18岁以下患者禁用。

2、患者一旦出现肌肉疼痛或炎症,立即停止服药。

3、年龄大于60岁的患者发生RM的概率是一般人的3.2倍,老年人肾功能减退,药物排泄减慢,容易出现药物蓄积,加重骨骼肌肉损害。所以,一定要调整剂量。

4、重症肌无力患者禁用。

四、抗病毒药物如拉米夫定、替比夫定

拉米夫定、替比夫定都是治疗乙型肝炎的核苷类抗病毒药。拉米夫定有非常罕见的肌肉功能障碍,包括肌痛、痉挛和横纹肌溶解。替比夫定引起肌肉骨骼损害较为突出,尤其是引起的横纹肌溶解。

建议:

用药过程中要监测患者的肌酸磷酸激酶变化、肝肾功能。如患者在出现弥漫性肌肉疼痛、肌肉触痛、肌无力和关节痛等症状,要考虑到药物引起的肌肉骨骼损害,立即停药或者采取治疗。

五、β2受体激动剂如特布他林

特布他林是一种选择性β2受体激动剂,能松弛支气管平滑肌,广泛应用于支气管哮喘、支气管痉挛等肺部疾病。主要不良反应表现为手指震颤、强直性痉挛。

建议:

1、无论是儿童还是成人,都要从小剂量开始给药,逐渐加量到治疗量。

2、使用时短期间断给药,避免长期给药。

六、阿片类药物

阿片类药物导致的RM主要是因为吸食毒品。

海洛因是外源性阿片类药物。大量滥用海洛因会导致长时间晕厥,局部肌肉受压,而大剂量海洛因还对肌肉组织和肾小管有直接毒性作用而导致RM。

七、引起低钾血症的药物

肌肉细胞内的钾离子严重减少,导致糖原合成减少,是肌肉痛、肌无力、肌肉触痛和肿胀坏死的原因。严重的低钾血症也会导致RM。

低血钾时,横纹肌主要表现为四肢软弱无力,严重时出现软瘫。一般先影响下肢,再影响上肢,严重的还会影响呼吸肌,导致呼吸困难。

最常见引起低钾血症的药物是利尿剂、脱水剂(氢氯噻嗪、双氢克氯噻嗪)、抗感染药物和糖皮质激素。详情见下表

青霉素是抗感染药物中最常见引起低钾血症的药物,肾上腺皮质激素类药物正常剂量反复使用或长期大量使用或与同类药物合用也会引起低钾血症。

建议:

1、慎用会引起低钾血症的药物,定期监测血钾浓度,必要时与钾盐同时使用。

2、严重心脏病患者不能同时联用排钾利尿剂和保钾利尿剂。

3、补钾时使用等渗氯化钠作为稀释剂,而不能选择5%或10%葡萄糖为稀释剂。

总结:

1、会引起横纹肌溶解的药物尽量避免联合使用。

2、用药过程中定期监测患者的磷酸激酶(CK)、肝肾功能等生化指标。

3、患者如出现弥漫性肌肉疼痛、肌肉触痛、肌无力和关节痛等症状,立即停药或者采取治疗。

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    2021-11-05 1482963am12暂无昵称

    学习了,收益匪浅

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1067431, encodeId=0476106e431eb, content=学习了,收益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2020/02/15/7274ed1be4747d648e4e2f7f62fae403.jpg, createdBy=d8d65273314, createdName=1482963am12暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Nov 05 23:20:04 CST 2021, time=2021-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=803212, encodeId=4d44803212b3, content=复习复习,总结的好,点赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200716/7bd88012dd3d4ebab20b9cff53bca6f4/6f2d4ea6cf55467ebc26953a8ddff7ef.jpg, createdBy=550b3728935, createdName=13552ea2m92暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Jul 18 19:29:14 CST 2020, time=2020-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1988719, encodeId=59341988e195e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a93d63008da' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#横纹肌溶解#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63008, encryptionId=a93d63008da, topicName=横纹肌溶解)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ced3193, createdName=freve, createdTime=Mon Aug 10 20:59:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=379730, encodeId=c5da3e973005, content=受教了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=89245287240, createdName=14856846m45暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Feb 27 14:11:18 CST 2020, time=2020-02-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=379680, encodeId=4eea3e9680c6, content=学习了,收藏!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=43a21971117, createdName=njwbhuang, createdTime=Wed Feb 26 06:19:51 CST 2020, time=2020-02-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-07-18 13552ea2m92暂无昵称

    复习复习,总结的好,点赞

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1067431, encodeId=0476106e431eb, content=学习了,收益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2020/02/15/7274ed1be4747d648e4e2f7f62fae403.jpg, createdBy=d8d65273314, createdName=1482963am12暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Nov 05 23:20:04 CST 2021, time=2021-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=803212, encodeId=4d44803212b3, content=复习复习,总结的好,点赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200716/7bd88012dd3d4ebab20b9cff53bca6f4/6f2d4ea6cf55467ebc26953a8ddff7ef.jpg, createdBy=550b3728935, createdName=13552ea2m92暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Jul 18 19:29:14 CST 2020, time=2020-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1988719, encodeId=59341988e195e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a93d63008da' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#横纹肌溶解#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63008, encryptionId=a93d63008da, topicName=横纹肌溶解)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ced3193, createdName=freve, createdTime=Mon Aug 10 20:59:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=379730, encodeId=c5da3e973005, content=受教了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=89245287240, createdName=14856846m45暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Feb 27 14:11:18 CST 2020, time=2020-02-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=379680, encodeId=4eea3e9680c6, content=学习了,收藏!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=43a21971117, createdName=njwbhuang, createdTime=Wed Feb 26 06:19:51 CST 2020, time=2020-02-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-02-27 14856846m45暂无昵称

    受教了

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    2020-02-26 njwbhuang

    学习了,收藏!

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