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Nat Med:SARS病毒的“完美疫苗”

2012-12-18 Nat Med Nat Med

       快速突变被认为是病毒适应环境改变的关键,但北卡罗来纳州大学和Vanderbilt大学的研究人员发现,加速突变反而影响了SARS病毒对动物的致病能力。该文章近日发表在《自然—医学》(Nature Medicine)杂志上,为科学家们制造更安全的活病毒疫苗开辟了新途径。          研究人

       快速突变被认为是病毒适应环境改变的关键,但北卡罗来纳州大学和Vanderbilt大学的研究人员发现,加速突变反而影响了SARS病毒对动物的致病能力。该文章近日发表在《自然—医学》(Nature Medicine)杂志上,为科学家们制造更安全的活病毒疫苗开辟了新途径。
 
       研究人员将SARS冠状病毒进行了改造,使其缺乏“校对”的能力,即不能校正复制中出现的错误。这使病毒突变得更快,并其导致病毒失去了让小鼠致病的能力。研究显示,这样的改造大大削弱了SARS病毒。

 SARS
SARS病毒结构图

       2002年至2003年那场SARS爆发时,成年患者的死亡率高达50%,所幸的是在有关部分的有效控制下,这次疫情仅四个月就得以中止,患者共8422人,其中916人死亡。近来公众的神经又紧绷起来,中东出现了新的冠状病毒,这两宗新型冠状病毒感染个案的病征包括严重肺炎及肾衰竭,该疾病导致其中一人死亡。而在这个关键时期,这项研究显得格外重要。
  
       在RNA病毒中,复制保真性是决定其毒力和逃避抗病毒攻击的关键。“我们本以为病毒会通过某种方式修复或更改人为突变。然而这些改造过的病毒相当稳定,能够让机体持续产生保护性的免疫应答,就算在免疫力低下的动物体内也可以作为完美疫苗,”领导该研究的北卡罗来纳州大学博士Rachel Graham说。
 
       研究者们为了更好的了解冠状病毒在物种间的演化和传播进行了十多年的努力。他们使作为校正蛋白的核酸外切酶ExoN失活,从而得到了SARS病毒的减毒毒株。这种病毒无法校正复制中的错误,其突变增加到二十倍,并且失去了致病能力。


SARS病毒结构图
 
       冠状病毒是一种RNA病毒,拥有已知RNA病毒世界中最大的基因组。ExoN校正蛋白使冠状病毒庞大的基因组得以维持,它与其他蛋白一同帮助病毒生存和传播。而现在研究人员向人们展示,失活ExoN是一个相当有潜力的疫苗研发途径。
 
       研究人员指出,活疫苗一般能使机体产生更广泛更长期的免疫,但活疫苗的风险在于它们可能在人体内重获毒力,例如免疫低下人体内的脊髓灰质炎疫苗。而他们目前的成果很令人振奋,这种为效果更持久的减毒疫苗还更加安全。研究人员相信,这一途径也可以应用于其他的重要病毒,以开发更安全的疫苗。
 
       为了测试这种减毒毒株重获毒力的可能性,研究人员让病毒在缺乏免疫力的宿主中生长,包括幼年、老年和免疫抑制的动物。研究显示,这种病毒不能杀死宿主而且免疫效力可以持续很久。通过失活ExoN得到的减毒冠状病毒是稳定的,即使在体内连续传代(长期持续感染)也不会重获毒力。
 
       研究人员指出,病毒演化对其突变率有严密控制,突变率的改变会影响病毒生存。这项研究的成果将在疫苗开发领域有广泛的应用前景。



Live, attenuated RNA virus vaccines are efficacious but subject to reversion to virulence. Among RNA viruses, replication fidelity is recognized as a key determinant of virulence and escape from antiviral therapy; increased fidelity is attenuating for some viruses. Coronavirus (CoV) replication fidelity is approximately 20-fold greater than that of other RNA viruses and is mediated by a 3′5′ exonuclease (ExoN) activity that probably functions in RNA proofreading. In this study we demonstrate that engineered inactivation of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV ExoN activity results in a stable mutator phenotype with profoundly decreased fidelity in vivo and attenuation of pathogenesis in young, aged and immunocompromised mice. The ExoN inactivation genotype and mutator phenotype are stable and do not revert to virulence, even after serial passage or long-term persistent infection in vivo. ExoN inactivation has potential for broad applications in the stable attenuation of CoVs and, perhaps, other RNA viruses.

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    2013-02-17 liye789132251
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    2013-11-02 neurowu
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    2012-12-19 小刀医生
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