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Science“力挺”Nature:新型“魔剪”CRISPR,仅“改写”单个核苷酸!

2016-08-06 头条号 / 生物探索 头条号(今日头条旗下创作平台)

CRISPR系统是目前生命科学领域最热门的技术之一。全球科学家也在积极推进基于这一技术的临床试验,希望能够将其用于解决人类健康问题。然而,这一系统的转化应用仍需克服脱靶效应等技术限制。近日,发表了在Science上的一项研究中,日本神户大学的科学家们开发了一种新型CRISPR系统,可对单个核苷酸进行修改,实现更精准的基因编辑。 8月4日,发表在《科学》(Science)杂志上的这项研

CRISPR系统是目前生命科学领域最热门的技术之一。全球科学家也在积极推进基于这一技术的临床试验,希望能够将其用于解决人类健康问题。然而,这一系统的转化应用仍需克服脱靶效应等技术限制。近日,发表了在Science上的一项研究中,日本神户大学的科学家们开发了一种新型CRISPR系统,可对单个核苷酸进行修改,实现更精准的基因编辑。 



8月4日,发表在《科学》(Science)杂志上的这项研究中,日本神户大学的Akihiko Kondo教授带领的科学家小组通过将一种被修饰过的Cas9酶与来源于七鳃鳗(sea lamprey)免疫系统中一种酶结合,找到了编辑单一DNA核苷酸的新方法。 

简单来说,利用脱氨酶,研究人员创建了一种修改版的CRISPR/Cas9。这种新版本的系统能够避免有害的双链切割,最小化CRISPR/Cas9技术引入的附带突变(collateral mutation),并且,不需要添加DNA模板。 



 Akihiko Kondo 教授 (图片来源:http://www.csrs.riken.jp/en/labs/cfrt/index.html)

目标:创建更精准的基因编辑工具 

借助传统的CRISPR/Cas9系统,研究人员是通过引入Cas9酶到细胞中编辑DNA序列,从而产生双链切割;同时,细胞会利用引入的DNA模板修复缺口。这一编辑过程是依赖细胞的同源重组机制,但包括非同源性末端接合(NHEJ)在内的其它机制会阻碍修复过程,常常导致不必要的、不精确的插入和删除。 

为了创建一个更加精准的工具,Kondo和他的同事选择了两种修饰过的Cas9,分别与来自七鳃鳗的激活诱导胞嘧啶核苷脱氨酶(activation-induced cytidine deaminase ,AID)进行了融合。一种是核酸酶失活版Cas9(nuclease-dead Cas9),这种版本的Cas9不能够“切开”双链DNA;另一种是切口酶版Cas9(nickase Cas9),这种版本的Cas9能够产生一个缺口,即切割DNA单链。

AID的作用通常是会使免疫球蛋白和抗体基因产生突变,形成免疫系统的多样性。具体来说,AID只对单链DNA发挥作用,能够将胞嘧啶(C)替换为尿嘧啶(U)。 

验证:两种新型复合物是否有效 



 Complex formation of dCas9-gRNA and PmCDA1 induces targeted mutation 

两种系统都“很好” 

研究人员在缺乏内生AID样系统(AID-like system)的芽殖酵母中验证了这两种新型复合物的基因编辑能力。结果发现,当蛋白质复合物借助向导RNA靶向CAN1基因时,CAN1的突变频率比“非靶向”的基因增加了1000倍。 

通过全基因组测序,研究人员发现,这种方法带来的脱靶突变很少。该研究的第一作者Keiji Nishida说:“这种脱靶突变率是可以接受的,比自然的背景突变率(natural background mutation rate)高不到10倍”。 

研究人员还证明,将两种不同的导向RNAs和Cas9-AID复合物一起表达,能够同时“编辑”两个基因。这一基因编辑复合物在哺乳动物细胞系中也能发挥很好的效果,导致相对较少的脱靶突变。

此外,在酵母中,与表达标准CRISPR/Cas9系统的细胞相比,表达这两种基因编辑复合物的细胞都生长的更好。这一结果表明,这种新的基因编辑工具毒性也更低。 

谁更好?

科学们还发现,与“nuclease-dead Cas9-AID”复合物相比,“nickase Cas9-AID”复合物的基因编辑效率略高些。它是在发生核苷酸替换相反的DNA链上创建一个小“缺口”。 

是否能更好? 

为了进一步修饰,研究人员将Cas9-AID这一复合物与另外一种酶(尿嘧啶DNA糖基化酶抑制剂)联系起来。这种酶的“加入”增加了Cas9-AID复合物形成“C to T”替换,以及最小化无意缺失突变产生(在哺乳动物细胞系中)的效率。 



回顾:Nature曾发表类似技术首项研究 

事实上,这是关于编辑单个碱基的CRISPR系统的第二篇报道。 

2016年4月20日,发表在Nature上的一项研究中,哈佛大学化学生物学教授David Liu带领的研究小组利用不同的脱氨酶(来自大鼠)率先发表了相似的技术。科学家们报告称,一种经改造的CRISPR基因编辑系统能够赋予研究者们有效改变给定基因中单个DNA碱基的能力。 

近几年,CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统被全球科学家们广泛应用,然而尽管很容易用它改变基因的功能,但是修复点突变一直是个未解的难题。Liu说:“这些点突变非常重要。事实证明,大多数与遗传变异相关的疾病都是点突变。” 

对于Science发表的这一成果,他表示:“当一个重要的发现被重复时,对一个领域是很大的鼓舞,也会帮助领域的继续发展。” 



两种技术的对比 

Science上发表的这一Cas9-AID复合物系统被命名为Target-AID复合物。它具有很高的特异性,能够对目标基因中3到5个碱基对窗口(window)内的胞嘧啶(C)进行修改。

 Liu表示,他们对突变窗口(mutation window)如此窄非常惊讶。相比之下,他的团队报告的基因编辑系统能够作用的突变窗口介于3-6个核苷酸之间。 

他说:“要想发挥最大的作用,这种碱基编辑窗口不能太宽,也不能太窄。因此,这两种方法可以给研究人员更多的选择。” 

展望:如何“走向”临床? 

哈佛大学的遗传学大牛George Church表示,这些脱氨酶解决了大部分先前已有的基因编辑方法(包括TALENSs、ZFN和Cas9)存在的最大问题,即真正所需的 “基因编辑”会与通过NHEJ机制产生的随机插入和删除存在竞争。此外,这种基于脱氨酶的系统还降低了双键切割带来的毒性。

开发这种工具临床应用的一个关键问题是,进一步检查突变脱靶效应。另一个需要考虑的问题是,如何特异性的靶向目标序列中的单个“C”,而不影响邻近的“C”。

Kondo表示,他的团队将开展进一步的工作,将Cas9与其它酶进行结合,创建一个全系列的DNA编辑工具包,实现4个核苷酸替换之间的任意组合。 

备注:本文部分内容编译自The-scientist,原标题“CRISPR: NoCutting Required”。 

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    2017-05-09 仁心济世
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    2016-12-27 xsm918
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  4. 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topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96721, encodeId=f79e96e2141, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96722, encodeId=8df596e229c, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=146, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-08 yuandd
  5. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-08 jichang
  6. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-08 jyzxjiangqin

    科学研究,前沿问题

    0

  7. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=128, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Aug 08 06:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96743, encodeId=e0e096e43b6, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=87df1446011, createdName=waxibin, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 14:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96720, encodeId=02dc96e2052, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96721, encodeId=f79e96e2141, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96722, encodeId=8df596e229c, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=146, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-07 waxibin

    好好学习

    0

  8. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=128, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Aug 08 06:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96743, encodeId=e0e096e43b6, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=87df1446011, createdName=waxibin, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 14:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96720, encodeId=02dc96e2052, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96721, encodeId=f79e96e2141, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96722, encodeId=8df596e229c, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=146, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-07 Guoxj3234

    学习起来

    0

  9. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881240, encodeId=e37b1881240b3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Tue May 09 19:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1945604, encodeId=ae3419456048d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9fa62150e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#核苷酸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62150, 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=128, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Aug 08 06:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96743, encodeId=e0e096e43b6, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=87df1446011, createdName=waxibin, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 14:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96720, encodeId=02dc96e2052, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96721, encodeId=f79e96e2141, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96722, encodeId=8df596e229c, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=146, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-07 Guoxj3234

    学习起来

    0

  10. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-07 Guoxj3234

    学习起来

    0

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人体“基因剪刀”抗癌试验首次通过审查

美国国家卫生研究院一个咨询委员会21日批准了首个利用被誉为“基因剪刀”的CRISPR基因编辑技术来治疗癌症的人体临床试验,让这种目前备受关注的生物医学技术在美国距临床试验仅差美国食品和药物管理局批准一步之遥。 美国国家卫生研究院“重组DNA咨询委员会”批准了这项由美国宾夕法尼亚大学提交的临床试验计划。该委员会负责对在美国进行的基因疗法临床试验进行安全及伦理审查。这项试验还需美国食品和药物管

重磅:借助于革命性的工具中国将首次改写人类DNA

下个月,中国的研究人员将使用革命性的CRISPR / cas-9,俗称CRISPR,来改些成人的DNA,该试验将成为全球首例。研究人员将试图从那些对其他所有常规治疗无反应的肺癌患者的细胞中切除有缺陷的DNA。此前,研究人员曾试图使用CRISPR在人类胚胎上进行试验,但不幸失败,这次研究人员将首次使用CRISPR来编辑成人的DNA。如果试验成功,将有希望进一步促进CRISPR的治疗——CRISPR

2016年6月份CRISPR系统重大研究进展

基因组编辑技术CRISPR/Cas9被《科学》杂志列为2013年年度十大科技进展之一,受到人们的高度重视。CRISPR是规律间隔性成簇短回文重复序列的简称,Cas是CRISPR相关蛋白的简称。CRISPR/Cas最初是在细菌体内发现的,是细菌用来识别和摧毁抗噬菌体和其他病原体入侵的防御系统。 但是病毒也不是毫无反抗之力,如,一项研究发现一些噬菌体能够利用抗CRISPR蛋白抵抗宿主细菌C

CRISPR携手免疫治疗进入临床的背后,是一家企图颠覆传统科研模式的传奇组织

2016年4月13日夜,洛杉矶霍尔姆比山附近的一个别墅后院灯火辉煌,在这个面积为2.5英亩的别墅里,聚集了演艺界、科技界和新闻界的900多位名人,他们聚集在这里只有一个目的:为一个癌症研究所的启动站台。 肿瘤研究史上最豪华的启动仪式 最近很火很火的「龙母」艾米莉亚·克拉克来了【gotceleb.com】 汤姆·汉克斯和丽塔·威尔逊夫妇来了【Adriana M. Ba

首例“基因剪刀”临床试验获绿灯

首例“基因剪刀”临床试验获绿灯

中国科学家利用CRISPR成功修复β-地贫缺陷基因,有望实现自体移植

β-地中海贫血是广东高发的常见遗传性疾病。目前临床上唯一可以根治地贫的治疗方法是造血干细胞(HSCs)移植,但能够成功找到相匹配的脊髓捐赠者几率十分有限,地贫患者往往得不到根治,只能靠不断地输血以维持生命。不能异体移植,那能不能做自体移植呢?如今,这一想法得到了实现。有望实现β-地贫自体移植12日,记者从广州医科大学第三附属医院了解到,广医三院广东省产科重大疾病重点实验室和广东省高校生殖与遗传重点

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