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有甲亢史的患者活动后气短 应警惕…

2018-01-11 熊长明 肺血管病

27岁女性患者,因活动后气短3个月来院治疗,在当地医院做心脏超声提示肺动脉高压。患者既往有甲亢病史,此次患肺动脉高压是否因甲亢而起?若是,甲状腺疾病伴发肺动脉高压该如何治疗?与甲减合并肺动脉高压相比,在人群中的发病率哪个更高?各自导致肺动脉高压的发病机制是什么?若不是,患者的肺动脉高压因何引起?详见以下病历——

27岁女性患者,因活动后气短3个月来院治疗,在当地医院做心脏超声提示肺动脉高压。患者既往有甲亢病史,此次患肺动脉高压是否因甲亢而起?若是,甲状腺疾病伴发肺动脉高压该如何治疗?与甲减合并肺动脉高压相比,在人群中的发病率哪个更高?各自导致肺动脉高压的发病机制是什么?若不是,患者的肺动脉高压因何引起?详见以下病历——

临床资料】

患者,女,27岁,因活动后气短3个月收入院。患者3个月前出现活动后气短,爬2、3楼明显,休息后好转。在当地医院做心脏超声提示肺动脉高压。

既往有甲状腺功能亢进病史,不规律服用治疗甲状腺疾病的药物,未定期监测甲状腺功能指标。

查体:BP 100/80mmHg,R 20次/分。甲状腺Ⅰ°肿大。双肺呼吸音清晰,未闻及干湿性啰音,双肺未闻及血管杂音。HR 96次/分,心律齐,P2亢进,胸骨左缘4肋间闻及3/6级收缩期吹风样杂音,双下肢无水肿。

实验室检查:血常规:正常。尿常规:正常。肝肾功能:正常。乙肝、丙肝:阴性。HIV:阴性。血沉:7mm/h。免疫学检查:抗双链DNA抗体、抗核抗体、抗Sm、抗RNP,抗Scl-70,抗J0-1、抗SSA、抗SSB抗体均阴性;补体C3、C4正常;IgG、IgA 正常。甲状腺功能指标:游离T4 1.97ng/dl(正常参考范围:0.80~1.88 ng/dl),TSH 0.02U/ml(正常参考范围:0.55~4.78 U/ml)。血气分析:pH7.40,PO277.2mmHg,PCO237.2mmHg,HCO3-20.2mmol/L,SaO2 95%。

心电图:窦性心律,电轴右偏,右心室肥厚。

X线胸片:双肺门动脉扩张,外周肺纹理相对纤细,主动脉结不宽,肺动脉段轻凸,右心室扩大,心胸比0.64。

超声心动图:左心房前后径25mm、左心室舒张末前后径27mm,右心室舒张末前后径38mm,左心室射血分数60%,估测肺动脉收缩压110mmHg。右心房明显扩大,右心室壁增厚,收缩运动尚可,左心室内径缩小,室间隔左移,左心室呈“D”字形,肺动脉扩张,腔内未见异常回声,三尖瓣瓣环扩张,致瓣叶对合欠佳,三尖瓣中量高速反流,余瓣膜结构、形态和启闭未见异常。经食管超声:房室未探及分流信号。超声诊断:重度肺动脉高压,右心扩大。

肺动脉增强CT:主肺动脉和左右肺动脉扩张,各段和段以上肺动脉内未见明确充盈缺损征象,肺动脉段以下分支纤细、扭曲。右心房、室显著增大。房室间隔延续完整,主-肺动脉未见异常交通。双肺灌注均匀。诊断:肺动脉高压,性质待定。

放射性核素肺通气灌注:双肺野内放射性分布不均匀,呈多发性非肺段性放射性稀疏,未见肺栓塞改变。

肺动脉造影:主肺动脉和左、右肺动脉扩张,外周肺动脉分支纤细,肺动脉及其分支未见狭窄、缺支及其充盈缺损。

右心导管:肺动脉收缩压107mmHg,舒张压50mmHg,平均压69mmHg,肺毛细血管楔压12mmHg,肺血管阻力2110.84dyn?s/cm5。急性血管反应试验(-)。

该患者诊断为:甲状腺疾病相关性肺动脉高压。给予常规治疗和西地那非 20mg tid。出院后继续治疗甲状腺功能亢进症。3个月后电话随访,患者诉活动量增加,胸闷气短症状缓解。

【讨论】

甲状腺疾病(甲状腺功能亢进和甲状腺功能减退)伴发肺动脉高压在临床上并不少见。国外的研究资料显示甲状腺功能亢进症患者合并肺动脉高压的发病率为35%~65%,而甲状腺功能减退合并肺动脉高压的报道相对较少,国外文献报道,22.5%肺动脉高压患者合并有甲状腺功能减退。由于肺动脉高压患者中甲状腺疾病的发生率高,因此建议所有肺动脉高压患者都应该在早期进行甲状腺检查。

甲状腺疾病伴发肺动脉高压的发病机制复杂,并且甲状腺功能亢进和甲状腺功能减退所致肺动脉高压的发病机制也有所不同,因此,2008年肺循环高压最新分类中将此类肺动脉高压归于第五类,即多重原因/原因不明所致肺动脉高压。甲状腺功能亢进伴发肺动脉高压的发病机制包括:自身免疫造成血管内皮损伤和功能异常、心输出量增加导致内皮损伤、舒张血管物质的减少、刺激交感神经引起肺血管收缩。而甲状腺功能减退伴发肺动脉高压的发病机制不仅与自身免疫造成血管内皮损伤和功能异常有关,还与甲状腺素减少(甲状腺素有稳定血管的作用)导致的血管反应,如血管痉挛有关。

诊断甲状腺疾病伴发肺动脉高压包括甲状腺疾病和肺动脉高压两个部分,并应排除其他所有可以导致肺动脉高压的疾病。肺动脉高压的诊断主要依靠经胸超声心动图和右心导管检查。甲状腺疾病的诊断主要依靠实验室检查,包括生化的指标和血清学的指标,诊断标准与单纯的甲亢或甲减并无差别。

甲状腺疾病伴发肺动脉高压患者既需治疗甲状腺疾病又要治疗肺动脉高压。甲状腺功能异常的治疗与单纯甲亢、甲减的治疗相同,包括药物,放射及手术治疗。文献报道甲状腺功能异常伴有肺动脉高压的患者,肺动脉的压力在甲状腺功能恢复正常后大部分都有不同程度的下降,甚至能恢复到正常。所以,监测并早期干预肺动脉高压患者的甲状腺功能状态可以预防此类患者右心衰竭的发展以及血流动力学的恶化。有临床研究证实前列环素类似物治疗甲状腺疾病伴发肺动脉高压患者有效。内皮素受体拮抗剂、5型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂等药物对治疗此类患者尚缺乏循证医学证据。由于此类患者在甲状腺疾病治疗后,增高的肺动脉压力可有不同程度的降低,因此甲状腺疾病伴发肺动脉高压患者的预后较好。

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    2018-04-04 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了.谢谢作者分享!

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=302614, encodeId=ec8930261466, content=学习了.谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Apr 04 07:54:54 CST 2018, time=2018-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=302049, encodeId=1052302049e7, content=学习了.谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Apr 02 12:18:24 CST 2018, time=2018-04-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=278171, encodeId=5c882e817126, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Jan 13 18:37:59 CST 2018, time=2018-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1443634, encodeId=119b1443634a7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d8826382021' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#气短#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63820, encryptionId=d8826382021, topicName=气短)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=97735090874, createdName=ms6127405442416114, createdTime=Sat Jan 13 13:16:00 CST 2018, time=2018-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=277629, encodeId=04462e762908, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0aa31415219, createdName=orangesking, createdTime=Thu Jan 11 22:27:27 CST 2018, time=2018-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-02 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了.谢谢作者分享!

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    2018-01-13 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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