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2012搞笑诺奖:神经科学奖:死鱼的脑子里也有神经活动?

2014-09-10 小耿 果壳网

2012年搞笑诺贝尔奖的“神经科学奖”,发给Craig M. Bennett,Abigail A. Baird,Michael B. Miller和George L. Wolford。这几位神经科学家为了证明目前神经影像学研究中存在严重的假阳性问题(就是本来不该有信号,由于误差和其他原因导致出现了假信号),他们用功能核磁共振仪扫描已经死去的大西洋鲑鱼( Salmo salar 

2012年搞笑诺贝尔奖的“神经科学奖”,发给Craig M. Bennett,Abigail A. Baird,Michael B. Miller和George L. Wolford。这几位神经科学家为了证明目前神经影像学研究中存在严重的假阳性问题(就是本来不该有信号,由于误差和其他原因导致出现了假信号),他们用功能核磁共振仪扫描已经死去的大西洋鲑鱼( Salmo salar )的大脑,居然扫出了神经活动信号! 


2012搞笑诺贝尔奖“神经科学奖”颁奖画面 
2012搞笑诺贝尔奖“神经科学奖”颁奖画面

论文摘要中说:神经认知科学研究中,功能神经影像学实验很容易出现假阳性。以典型的130,000像素的功能核磁共振图像为例,概率上几乎可以肯定会有一个假阳性信号出现。恰当使用多重比较修正方法,就可以解决这个问题,但这一点常常被研究人员忽略。

论文进一步阐释说:几十年前的科研人员并没有预料到今天的研究手段会如此先进,计算机的储存和运算功能强大到可以处理海量的数据。但是海量的数据处理同时也会带来更高的误差风险。过去科研中使用的统计学方法需要进一步升级,以应对目前的现实。事实上我们也发展出了更严格的统计方法已解决假阳性问题,但遗憾的是,目前还是有很多科研论文在数据处理中没有应用这些方法。

为了强调这种现象的严重性,这些研究人员对已经死亡的大西洋鲑鱼进行了功能核磁共振扫描。

实验对象:一条鲑鱼,长18英寸,重3.8磅,已死。性别不明,考虑到已死,性别应该不是关键问题。

大西洋鲑(非研究对象那条)
大西洋鲑(非研究对象那条)

这条鲑鱼被固定到功能核磁共振仪上,它的脑活动信号可以实时投影在屏幕上。鲑鱼头部上方设置了一面小镜子,这样它(理论上)也可以看到自己的脑活动信号图像。实验开始之后,研究人员给这条鲑鱼展示一系列反映人类社交情景的图片,既有内向情绪特征的,也有外向特征的。研究人员要求鲑鱼判断图片中的人正在经历何种情绪体验。这个实验流程从1993年开始就已经在心理学研究中使用。总之,在这个过程中,鲑鱼的脑活动图像被记录下来,进行统计学分析。

结果,研究人员在鲑鱼的脑室和背部脊柱区域发现了两处神经活动信号(如下图),虽然只有三个像素大小。由于鲑鱼的脑子太小,仪器分辨率不高,不能做深入的分析。但这毕竟是阳性信号,代表着鲑鱼(已死)的大脑在图片的刺激下出现了神经活动!

论文结果图片 
论文结果图片

文章在讨论部分这样说:一种可能是,我们开创了死亡鱼类生物的认知研究这一新领域;另一种可能是,我们未加修正的统计方法是有问题的。我们能下结论说鲑鱼真的参与了图片场景心理学实验吗?当然不能。我们已经通过控制实验对象的认知能力(将其杀死)而完全排除了这种可能性!这个结果只能表明:如不进行多重检验控制,随机噪声信号很容易导致假的结果。这一点在神经影像学研究中已经多次被讨论过,但直到现在,相关修正方法在发表论文时仍然不是一项必需的要求。

文章接下来开始讨论统计学中的专业问题,关于如何留下真的结果,去掉假阳性结果。讨论最后还提到,多重检验不仅是神经科学面临的问题,在其他学科中也常常出现。文章引用了2006年的另一项医学研究:加拿大的Austin等研究人员怀着和这次的鲑鱼实验者们同样的目的,对安大略省1千万居民的健康状况和星座进行了统计。在使用传统的统计学方法之后,他们发现:狮子座患上胃肠道出血的比例更高,人马座更容易大腿骨折……这些结果在应用了统计修正方法之后都消失了。Austin等研究人员得出结论:在流行病学研究中,不合适的统计方法将会提高假相关性结果出现的可能性。

文章最后总结道:我们的意见不是说功能影像学研究不好,而是说它的标准应该不断发展、提高。假阳性问题不是由于太困难而解决不了,因为大部分数据分析软件中都集成了相关功能。根本原因还是研究人员们不愿意用严格的统计方法来“损害”自己辛苦获得的数据。当然,我们应该尽力避免真实的阳性结果被不恰当的方法给“消除”掉,但是,对统计结果不加修正就往下推进,并不是解决问题的正确方式。

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    2015-08-04 gujh
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    2014-12-19 rosa00tong

    功能神经影像学实验很容易出现假阳性。

    0

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    2014-09-12 hb2013ye
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