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聚焦:全球新式RNA疗法人体试验取得成功

2016-09-13 佚名 药明康德

在过去数十年来,人们开发RNA药物用于治疗遗传病的努力一直未曾间断。然而,相比所付出的巨大努力,所取得的成果却并不是那么光鲜,目前只有两种反义RNA疗法被美国FDA批准。这其中的一个主要难点就在于RNA本身性质的不稳定。即便RNA已被准确递送到目标细胞,在结合到靶点之前,这些RNA药物常会被细胞中“无处不在”的RNA酶所分解。

在过去数十年来,人们开发RNA药物用于治疗遗传病的努力一直未曾间断。然而,相比所付出的巨大努力,所取得的成果却并不是那么光鲜,目前只有两种反义RNA疗法被美国FDA批准。这其中的一个主要难点就在于RNA本身性质的不稳定。即便RNA已被准确递送到目标细胞,在结合到靶点之前,这些RNA药物常会被细胞中“无处不在”的RNA酶所分解。
▲SNA示意图(图片来源:youtube)

如今,一个新的方向给人们带来了希望,那就是球状核酸(SNA),目前已经在人体临床试验中取得积极进展。SNA由上百条完全相同的RNA或DNA链结合在一个“中心粒子”上所组成,中心粒子通常由脂质分子组成。

这种SNA的组成和结构使其易于被细胞吸收,无需转染试剂的协助,而且还可对核酸起到保护作用。在进入细胞后,SNA主要位于胞内体,而这正是许多免疫激活受体所在之处。同时,由于主要存在于胞内体,SNA对细胞产生的毒性也小了很多。此外,SNA还能够穿过角质层,因此可作为外用药,影响皮肤细胞中的特定基因表达,使得SNA作为皮肤病药物的潜力巨大。
在刚刚落幕美国化学会年会上,专注于SNA疗法开发的Exicure公司宣布,其在研反义RNASNA疗法AST-005在以慢性斑块状银屑病为适应症的1期临床试验中,表现出了良好的安全性和初步的疗效。以凝胶形式作为局部外用药AST-005可抑制银屑病的一个主要致病蛋白——肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)的表达,从而达到治疗效果。

“光是显示对患者的安全性这一点就是个不小的进步,”从事化学工程和药物研发的麻省理工学院RobertLanger教授对此评价到。

目前,Exicure正在开发的SNA主要分为两种,包括免疫调节性SNA和前文所提的反义SNA。
▲SNA合成过程(图片来源:Exicure官网)

免疫调节性SNA

这类SNA中的核酸链包含特定的片段,可激活机体内天然免疫系统的信号通路以抗击疾病,包括抗原呈递、天然免疫细胞(天然杀伤细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞等)活化、细胞因子释放等。由于可激发起高强度、长时间、多途径的抗肿瘤天然免疫反应,免疫调节性SNA有望成为一类新型的癌症免疫疗法。

除了天然免疫反应,SNA在激发适应性免疫反应方面同样可圈可点。要让抗原呈递细胞产生长时程的适应性免疫记忆,它们需要同时接触抗原和免疫激活信号。SNA则可同时将抗原和具有免疫激活作用的核酸链结合在中心脂质粒子表面,以活化抗原呈递细胞。
▲Exicure的产品链(图片来源:Exicure官网)

反义SNA

反义SNA中的活性组分——反义核酸被称为是药物研发的“第三条道路”,即除了小分子和蛋白质之外的另一种药物形式。相比于前两种常见形式,反义RNA不像小分子那样在靶点上往往仅限于“可成药蛋白”,也不像蛋白质药物那样难以深入细胞内部,而是可以通过人为设计并合成出单链DNA并将其结合在中心粒子上,在进入细胞后可结合特定的mRNA链,以阻止疾病相关蛋白质的翻译。

事实上,开发反义核酸疗法的公司不只Exicure一家。Ionis、Alnylam和Moderna等公司近来也在这一领域取得了积极的进展。“RNA疗法可能真的要开始崛起了,”RobertLanger教授说道。如果SNA在接下来的临床试验中继续表现良好,那将不仅仅对广大银屑病患者来说是个大好消息——只要人为改变核酸序列,SNA就有望被用于治疗其他疾病。

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    2016-10-11 1e0ece0dm09(暂无匿称)

    谢谢指点迷津

    0

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    2016-09-14 1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称)

    学习了,赞一个!!!

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=144038, encodeId=43e91440386e, content=谢谢指点迷津, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K46ZAxBHmHsph32KkfsWGwmickB6RsCUD8KruE4vo5CpvXfdu16GBpp4ibh6WJu1o9iatP1LWKDmvmic/0, createdBy=be6f1940165, createdName=1e0ece0dm09(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Oct 11 10:59:18 CST 2016, time=2016-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1993338, encodeId=1ba8199333894, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e85b15564cf' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#RNA疗法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15564, encryptionId=e85b15564cf, topicName=RNA疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=78c32500188, createdName=12498dabm77暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Apr 03 17:35:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1513625, encodeId=643d151362577, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c41924e0391' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#人体试验#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=24703, encryptionId=c41924e0391, topicName=人体试验)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d9ab10580029, createdName=ms5906905816781247, createdTime=Thu Sep 15 00:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=126248, encodeId=9c3d126248a6, content=学习了,赞一个!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRuUXgacXpPeW0x8Z3Qr9c3I2kTic4ZIpR29iaftYgkjRcbv982icYMtqANBPYBgPnOia6mVtX76qMXuc/0, createdBy=ebe61630855, createdName=1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Sep 14 09:45:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=126081, encodeId=67cf12608144, content=学习了,赞一个!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRuUXgacXpPeW0x8Z3Qr9c3I2kTic4ZIpR29iaftYgkjRcbv982icYMtqANBPYBgPnOia6mVtX76qMXuc/0, createdBy=ebe61630855, createdName=1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Sep 14 08:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-14 1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称)

    学习了,赞一个!!!

    0

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