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椎管内巨大肿瘤切除术中突发硬膜下血肿麻醉处理一例

2018-12-03 刘洁 余琼 王英伟 临床麻醉学杂志

患者,女,13岁,身高133 cm,体重27kg,ASA II级。因头晕不适2周余,诊断为四脑室肿瘤。外院头颅CT示:四脑室占位,伴脑积水。头颅增强MRI提示:四脑室-颈4椎管内占位,伴幕上脑积水。患者1周前呕吐1次,对症处理后好转。病程中无四肢乏力、行走不稳,无视力、视野改变等。

患者,女,13岁,身高133 cm,体重27kg,ASA II级。因头晕不适2周余,诊断为四脑室肿瘤。外院头颅CT示:四脑室占位,伴脑积水。头颅增强MRI提示:四脑室-颈4椎管内占位,伴幕上脑积水。患者1周前呕吐1次,对症处理后好转。病程中无四肢乏力、行走不稳,无视力、视野改变等。
 
收入我院后,查体:双侧瞳孔等大等圆,光敏,眼球运动可,面部感觉对称,双耳听力对称,四肢肌力肌张力正常,直线行走不稳,闭目难立征(Romberg征)(一),格拉斯昏迷评分(glasgow coma scale,GCS)15分。术前胸片示双肺纹理增多;ECG显示窦性心律不齐;生化检查均在正常范围内。患者拟在在全麻下行四脑室^页4椎管内肿瘤切除术。
 
患者入手术室后常规监测生命体征:HR106次/分,BP107/71mmHg,SpO2 99%。静脉给予咪达唑仑1mg、芬太尼0.1mg、丙泊酚4μg/ml(TCI)、罗库溴铵30mg行麻醉诱导,可视喉镜下行经鼻插入气管导管,确定导管深度后固定。然后建立AlneX-line以及导尿。诱导后将患者改为俯卧位,Mayleld头架固定,并重新确认气管导管位置。手术切口为后正中入路,上至枕外隆突,下至颈4棘突。常规消毒铺巾后开始手术。术中以丙泊酚3.5~40μg/ml和瑞芬太尼3~4ng/ml TCI泵注及间断推注罗库溴铵维持麻醉,各项生命体征平稳。
 
当术者分离上颈段近枕骨大孔处肿瘤组织时,枕大池脑脊液突然大量涌出,双侧小脑组织逐渐肿胀变紫。此时,HR由80次/分突然降至32次/分,BP暂无明显变化。随后HR快速上升至140次/分,BP也迅速升高至160/90mmHg。立即静脉给予芬太尼0.1mg、罗库溴铵5mg加深麻醉,维持丙泊酚耙控浓度在4μg/ml、瑞芬太尼4ng/ml,并静注艾司洛尔、尼卡地平等血管活性药物控制血压和心率。麻醉医师与术者考虑患者有急性颅内出血的可能,于是紧急关颅,并行头颅CT检查结果显示左侧额颞硬膜下急性血肿。
 
立即行左侧额颞开颅血肿清除术,切开硬膜后发现新鲜血肿约60ml,并予以清除,同时在颅底可疑破裂的导静脉处予以明胶压迫止血。血肿清除后,患者各项生命体征趋于正常范围。根据血压、中心静脉压、出血量、尿量和血气分析结果,给予补液以维持脑灌注。随后,在俯卧位下再次经原切口开颅,并全部切除椎管内剩余肿瘤组织。手术结束后约15min,患者恢复自主呼吸,双侧瞳孔等大等圆(约3mm)对光反射存在。
 
复查头颅CT示:硬膜下血肿已全部清除。患者保留气管导管返回神经外科监护室。术后随访:术后第1天患者出现癫痫大发作,予以丙泊酚镇静、哌拉西林抗感染、雾化吸入左乙拉西坦、丙戊酸钠预防癫痫等对症支持治疗。患者意识状况逐渐好转,遵嘱活动,但无咳嗽反射,遂于术后第13天行气管切开。术后第25天拔除外引流后,患者神清,遵嘱,自主睁眼,双侧瞳孔等大等圆,光敏,左侧眼球外展活动稍受限,四肢活动可。于术后第30天转院继续治疗。
 
讨论
 
本例患者的麻醉诱导和维持期生命体征平稳。在肿瘤切除过程中,因脑脊液大量快速流出,而术前受脑积水挤压大范围的中心性回缩,致左颅底脑表面贯穿颅骨直接连接板障静脉、颅内静脉窦与颅外静脉的血管导静脉断裂,导致急性硬膜下血肿。
 
第四脑室肿瘤常因阻塞第四脑室或中脑导水管引起梗阻性脑积水,导致后颅窝压力增高。本例患者术前CT显示肿瘤占据了整个四脑室且合并明显的梗阻性脑积水。有效控制颅内压是整个手术和麻醉期间的关键。具体措施包括:(1)术前应用药物(袢利尿剂、渗透性脱水剂、肾上腺皮质激素等)、脑室-腹腔分流、头高足低体位等降低颅内压。(2)麻醉诱导时,应在达到足够的麻醉深度后进行气管插管,避免呛咳引起颅内压升高。气管插管时,应避免颈部过度后仰,以防加重后颅窝肿瘤对中枢神经造成的压迫。(3)术中可通过适当的过度通气(使PaCO2维持在30~35mmHg),控制液体入量,使用甘露醇、呋塞米、地塞米松,辅助调节体位等措施,控制颅内压。术中快速释放脑脊液或切除颅内占位,使颅内压骤然下降,脑组织迅速塌陷移位,造成大脑皮层导静脉断裂,导致硬膜下血肿。对于此类患者的麻醉管理,首先要维持麻醉平稳,适当控制补液避免颅内压进一步升高;同时密切观察手术进程,及时与术者沟通。对生命体征的突发剧烈波动,麻醉医师在做出及时对症处理的同时,应当积极配合术者查明原因并作出快速判断,以及时进行硬膜下血肿清除,为患者预后起到积极的作用。 
 
原始出处:

刘洁, 余琼, 王英伟. 椎管内巨大肿瘤切除术中突发硬膜下血肿麻醉处理一例[J]. 临床麻醉学杂志, 2017, 33(5):519-519.

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  4. 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2018, time=2018-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. 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2018, time=2018-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. 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2018, time=2018-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-11-01 bugit
  7. 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  8. 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  9. 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