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Science:女性福音——“伟姐”(女用PDE5抑制剂)背后的故事

2015-08-26 佚名 生物谷

男人有“伟哥”(Viagra)助力重振雄风,而现在,针对女性人群的“伟姐”也将开始市售了。这种性欲增强药物——氟班色林(flibanserin,商品名Addyi)在上周终于通过了美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)的批准,并迅速成为了热议焦点。提倡者和质疑者们对“伟姐”的态度各种各样——建议、谨慎、批评、犹豫、好奇、围观。但究竟Addyi如何激发女性性欲,似乎大家仍然不太清楚。这个药物有很长的背景故事。


男人有“伟哥”(Viagra)助力重振雄风,而现在,针对女性人群的“伟姐”也将开始市售了。这种性欲增强药物——氟班色林(flibanserin,商品名Addyi)在上周终于通过了美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)的批准,并迅速成为了热议焦点。提倡者和质疑者们对“伟姐”的态度各种各样——建议、谨慎、批评、犹豫、好奇、围观。但究竟Addyi如何激发女性性欲,似乎大家仍然不太清楚。

这个药物有很长的背景故事。最初于1995年,药理学家Franco Borsini和一组意大利的研究人员将其作为抗抑郁药进行了测试。在那时,氟班色林被认为能够调节神经递质。具体地说,他们认为该药物能调节影响情绪三个关键神经递质:五羟色胺,多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素。而临床试验发现它对减轻抑郁没什么效果,却似乎对情绪影响更明显,只是这种情绪的变化并不是研究者所期待的。早期试验让临床医生了解氟班色林对性健康的作用更加突出——女性受试者的亚利桑那性体验量表(Arizona Sexual Experience Scale)分数增高。这个评分表要求参与者评价他们对各种性相关问题的满意度,比如参与者性欲望的频率和强烈程度。

意大利的另一个研究组在2008年完成了氟班色林改善性欲的第一次临床试验。他们通过受试者每天自身的性欲感记录来分析欲望水平。但是FDA两次结论都是此药物对性欲的增加并无统计学上的显著效果。同时监管者还担忧药物潜在的副作用,如头晕、嗜睡、恶心和昏厥。

那到底什么让FDA亮了绿灯?重要一点:试验的参数。最近的氟班色林临床试验中,研究者Sheryl Kingsberg认为对大脑性欲的评价并不是一个特别明确的测量项目。Sheryl Kingsberg是University Hospitals Case Medical Center的生殖生物学和心理学研究人员。她于2011年从意大利购回氟班色林,而在上周Valeant制药公司已经收购了此药。氟班色林相关的三个临床试验跨度超过8年,测量评价欲望的技术在这8年间也有所提高。根据2014年的最新试验结果,欲望的测量主要集中在三个点:性功能指数(女性回答过去28天内的性体验相关的问题,并从1到5给自己的性欲打分),满意的性生活,性欲低下的困扰。总体而言,参与者报告每月积极的性经验都在增加,大约10%以上的氟班色林服用者表现出十分有意义的改进体验。这之后,FDA批准了氟班色林作为第一个改善女性欲望的药物。

虽然它被戏称为“女伟哥”,其实两种药物的作用机理有很大不同。伟哥的目的是提高“性能”,而氟班色林的目的是平衡大脑中有关性欲的化学物质的平衡。尽管如此,研究人员对药物如何对大脑产生影响的理解仍然只有模糊概念。 圣地亚哥大学心理学家Stephen Stahl和来自意大利Boehinger Ingelheim的一群研究人员试图阐述它化学水平上的工作机制。2011年的发表在The Journal of Sexual Medicine杂志上的一篇综述中,他们总结回顾了以往的研究发现。他们是这样解释的:被认为阻碍性欲的5-羟色胺(Serotonin),在大脑中有两种类型的受体。5-HT1A抑制血清素的生产,而5-HT2A加速生产。氟班色林能够增强5-HT1A并抑制5-HT2A。在这两个影响下,五羟色胺的生产在很大程度上下调。此外,氟班色林下调5-羟色胺后,能减小释放其它增强性欲的神经递质的神经元激活。不过神经递质水平上,这些过渡转变的确切机制很大程度上仍是未知。

这些机制可能引起副作用:氟班色林的对5-HT1A的影响可能引起头晕和恶心,对5-HT2A的影响有可能联系到困倦。临床试验还表明,酒精能加剧氟班色林的效果。药物投入市场后(将于十月),试验将会仔细调查酒精到底如何与药物相互作用。目前FDA也给用户提供了黑盒警告标签。

原文出处:

Hanae Armitage.How does the new ‘female Viagra’ work?.Science.2015

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    2016-01-05 jklm09
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    2015-08-27 tm10051981
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    2015-08-27 jichang

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