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国际乳腺癌筛查指南的争议引发的思考

2016-07-19 张保宁 SIBCS

张保宁 中国医学科学院肿瘤医院乳腺外科 2015年和2016年陆续公布的世界卫生组织国际癌症研究署(WHO-IARC)专家组对全球乳腺癌筛查提出的指导性意见,美国癌症学会(ACS)乳腺癌筛查指南更新版及美国预防服务工作组(USPSTF)最新的乳腺癌筛查指南;对乳房X线筛查的认识和建议存在较大差异。本文就国际权威机构在乳房X线筛查指南及推荐上的主要分歧进行了梳理,并分析了出现意见分歧

张保宁
中国医学科学院肿瘤医院乳腺外科

2015年和2016年陆续公布的世界卫生组织国际癌症研究署(WHO-IARC)专家组对全球乳腺癌筛查提出的指导性意见,美国癌症学会(ACS)乳腺癌筛查指南更新版及美国预防服务工作组(USPSTF)最新的乳腺癌筛查指南;对乳房X线筛查的认识和建议存在较大差异。本文就国际权威机构在乳房X线筛查指南及推荐上的主要分歧进行了梳理,并分析了出现意见分歧的潜在原因;继而概括介绍了中国女性乳腺癌群体筛查的历史和现状;并进一步结合欧美国家乳房X线筛查的热点问题,对中国开展乳腺癌筛查的重点问题,如:接受筛查人群的起止年龄、筛查中采用的主要手段及筛查的间隔时间等逐一进行了解析。最终建议中国乳腺癌群体筛查方法可按地域、医疗资源、受试者年龄进行相应调整,并提出中国乳腺癌筛查项目实施的建设性意见。

1、国际权威机构对乳房X线筛查的建议及存在的分歧

乳腺癌群体筛查是WHO推荐的一项二级预防措施,旨在“健康”人群中,在乳腺癌临床发病前早期发现,以便早期诊断、早期治疗,从而提高生存率、保乳率。2014年11月WHO-IARC专家组会议对全球乳腺癌筛查方法进行了系统地梳理和评估,并提出了指导性意见【1】。2015年《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA)刊登了ACS乳腺癌筛查指南更新版【2】。2016年1月USPSTF公布了最新的乳腺癌筛查指南,对在之前推出的指南实施中发现的问题进行了修订【3】。但WHO-IARC、ACS、USPSTF这些国际医学界权威机构对存在乳腺癌患病风险女性开展乳房X线群体筛查的认识持不同观点,主要分歧为乳房X线筛查的年龄段和接受筛查的间隔时间。在年龄上:WHO-IARC认为乳房X线筛查可明显降低50~69岁女性乳腺癌死亡率,对70~74岁乳腺癌死亡率也有下降,对40~49岁乳腺癌死亡率的降低证据有限。ACS乳腺癌筛查指南更新版主张常规乳房X线筛查从45岁开始;有筛查条件的女性可提前到40~44岁年龄段;筛查截止时间未定,只要身体状况良好且预期寿命在10年以上者,均可继续接受筛查。USPSTF则推荐接受乳房X线筛查女性的年龄在50~74岁,而40~49岁女性是否进行筛查需权衡筛查方式的利弊做个体化考量,75岁以上女性接受筛查尚缺乏证据。在筛查的间隔时间方面:ACS更新版指南推荐45~54岁每年1次,55岁以上每两年1次,40~44岁有条件接受筛查的女性也可为每年1次;而USPSTF则推荐乳房X线筛查每两年1次。

女性乳腺癌筛查的意见分歧由来已久。早在2009年11月USPSTF就推出了《乳腺癌筛查指南》【4】,建议:40~49岁女性无需接受乳房X线筛查,50~74岁女性只需每两年筛查1次,≥75岁女性筛查尚无定论,当时被美国《时代周刊》评为2009年“十大医学突破”之一。一时引起医学界广泛争议,美国癌症学会、美国医学会、美国国家综合癌症网(NCCN)、加拿大预防保健工作组等纷纷提出质疑,但仍建议40岁以上女性每年进行1次乳房X线筛查。时隔6年,争议仍在继续,但可以看出意见分歧已有缩小的趋势。欧美国家的权威机构对开展乳腺癌筛查持不同认识的潜在原因有:①乳腺癌筛查分析所纳入的数据不同;②乳房X线筛查评估的侧重点不同,包括:乳腺癌患者的受益,筛查方式的潜在风险,卫生经济学评估及健康保险计划等因素。中国女性在乳腺结构、性激素水平、饮食习惯、生活环境等诸多方面与欧美国家女性存在差异。因此,学习和借鉴欧美国家乳腺癌筛查指南和推荐,应结合我国女性乳腺癌流行病学特征及国情,制定符合中国妇女的切实可行的乳腺癌筛查方案。

2、中国乳腺癌筛查的历史和现状

2009年,由中央财政资金拨款,国家卫生计生委(原卫生部)、全国妇联共同组织实施的农村妇女“两癌”筛查项目启动。2009~2011年免费为35~59岁农村妇女进行乳腺癌筛查,主要采用临床乳房体检(视诊+触诊),项目覆盖200个县(区),计划3年筛查120万例,实查146万例,完成率121.6%。2012~2014年乳腺癌筛查人群扩大为35~64岁农村妇女,筛查方法为乳房体检+彩超,项目覆盖766个县(区),计划每年筛查120万例,三年实查467万例,完成率129.7%。近年农村妇女“两癌”筛查仍在继续,并扩大了覆盖地区和人群,年龄仍为35~64岁;采用乳房体检、彩超检查,并根据乳腺影像报告与数据系统(BI-RADS)分级,4级、5级需活检,0级、3级需进一步行乳房X线摄影,1级、2级为正常或良性。国家农村妇女“两癌”筛查项目计划3年为1个周期。目前,农村妇女“两癌”筛查已成为促进公共卫生服务均等化的重要民生项目;项目实施还起到了明显的示范作用,引起全社会对妇女健康的广泛关注,诸多省、市地方财政主动增加投入,将目标人群扩大到城乡所有适龄妇女,使更多的妇女受益。如:北京市人民政府、北京市卫生计生委(原北京市卫生局)自2008年以来为北京户籍40~60岁妇女免费进行乳腺癌筛查,2011年扩大为35~64岁妇女,每两年1次,乳房体检+彩超,针对性采用X线摄影。2011年起新型农村合作医疗将“两癌”救治纳入重大疾病保障范围,全国妇联还设立了“贫困母亲‘两癌’救助专项基金”,使贫困的“两癌”患者得到了及时救治。

3、中国乳腺癌筛查方案的制定和方法选择

3.1 筛查方案的制定

对于乳腺癌筛查方案,中国与欧美国家可以不同,方案的制定需结合本地区乳腺癌的流行病学特征、乳腺癌的高发人群、检测的设备和技术以及国家和社会的财政支持力度等因素来考量,要切实可行,并且还要有完善的运行机制和相应的质控措施。中国确定的乳腺癌筛查起始年龄为35岁,早于欧美国家权威机构推荐的40岁或50岁,理由是:中国女性乳腺癌的高发年龄明显早于欧美国家【5】。根据2012年全球肿瘤流行病统计数据(GLOBOCAN2012)公布的女性乳腺癌年龄别发病率:美国最高年龄组为70~74岁,加拿大为75岁及以上,英国75岁及以上,法国65~69岁,德国65~69岁,意大利75岁及以上,而中国最高年龄组为55~59岁。欧美国家50%的乳腺癌患者年龄在65岁以上,而中国大多数为绝经前患者。据2012年全国肿瘤登记数据显示(图1):女性乳腺癌年龄别发病率35~39岁组为31.27/10万;55~59岁组最高,为95.65/10万;60~64岁组为86.49/10万。由此决定了中国女性乳腺癌筛查的起始年龄早于欧美国家。至于筛查结束年龄不仅要考虑年龄别发病率,还要参考身体状况、预期寿命、政府及社会投入的资金等因素,近年来中国乳腺癌筛查截止年龄已由59岁延至64岁。


3.2 筛查方法

3.2.1 影像学检查

欧美国家乳腺癌筛查采用的影像学方法主要是乳房X线摄影,适合腺体密度低的绝经后女性,能清晰显示乳腺各层组织结构及微小钙化灶,可以发现临床触诊阴性的乳腺癌,但对绝经前高密度乳腺的病灶显像较差。中国女性乳腺大多体积小而致密,近一半以上的乳腺癌发生在绝经前,适合行超声检查。并且乳房彩超对人体无放射性损伤,携带方便,价格相对低廉。美国无论公立、私立,其大、小型医院的医疗设备都比较先进,现代化的X线检查设备均已普及;而我国,尤其是在筛查项目启动初期,边远地区的诸多县级医院尚不具备X线检查设备,近几年一些医院才陆续添置了彩超机。鉴于上述现状,考虑到无放射性损伤、方便、经济、可行性高等诸多因素,中国农村妇女乳腺癌筛查主要采取彩超检查【6】,但这并非否定了乳房X线摄影的应用价值而不予采用。乳房彩超与X线摄影均有各自的优势,二者应结合使用,取长补短。至于乳腺癌筛查的间隔时间,只因中国“两癌”筛查起步较晚,地域广阔、人口众多、医疗资源尚不均衡,故目前尚不能保证每两年筛查1次。

3.2.2 乳房体检

乳房体检(视诊+触诊)是否作为乳腺癌群体筛查的方法,中国与欧美国家的意见不同。国际权威机构在乳腺癌筛查指南中明确提出:不采用乳房体检作为筛查手段。乳房体检确实有主观性较强的缺点,其准确性与筛查医师的技术水平密切相关,经验不足的医师容易出现漏诊或误诊,即便有经验的医师对几毫米的小肿块或触诊阴性乳腺癌也无法做出早期诊断。但是由于:①中国女性乳房体积明显小于欧美女性,相对而言利于临床体检;②贫困地区、边远山区医疗资源匮乏,大多数被筛查者几乎未曾接受过乳房体检,甚至没有去过医院;③乳房超声、X线摄影(摄片、阅片)也有不同程度的人为因素,在筛查现场,乳房体检医师可以和超声医师沟通,针对被筛查者乳腺可疑部位还可进行会诊,从而避免人为因素所造成的漏诊或误诊,起到互补作用;④在汇总评估时也可对3种手段的检查结果进行综合分析,以提高筛查结果的准确性。目前,鉴于乳房体检的自身和协同作用,仍作为中国乳腺癌筛查的手段之一。

3.3 筛查方法的选择与方案优化

考虑到中国的国情,中国乳腺癌的筛查方法可按地域、医疗资源、受试者年龄进行相应调整。对于边远地区的农村妇女,考虑到X线检查设备数量有限、不易携带等实际困难,可选择乳房体检+彩超;在城市开展的乳腺癌筛查,尤其是大城市,乳房体检、彩超、X线摄影可联合应用。参考国际权威机构的推荐,可将乳房X线筛查的年龄设定为≥45岁或≥50岁。本人曾推荐北京市科委组织多家三甲医院开展一项回顾性研究,以确定乳房彩超与X线检查诊断乳腺癌的最佳适用范围。入组条件为:1个月内接受过乳房彩超、X线摄影,并且进行了活检的病例,以病理结果确定乳房彩超、X线诊断乳腺癌的灵敏度、特异度,以及年龄、乳腺密度、乳房体检是否触及、乳腺微小钙化灶等相关因素的影响,数据将用于优化筛查方案。

4 小结与展望

中国乳腺癌筛查方案是由国家卫生计生委、中国疾病预防控制中心妇幼保健中心,组织多学科专家反复论证,再经广泛征求意见后制定,并经多次的修改和完善。省、市、地区的乳腺癌筛查方案也是经过专家根据当地实际情况和投入的经费,经反复讨论后确定。建立完善的筛查方案,技术流程、诊断标准固然重要;但能否获得预期效果,还要注重对筛查实施人员的培训和准入。筛查开展的好坏与进行乳房体检、彩超及X线检查医师的技术和责任心密切相关,这好比足球赛场上的临门一脚。筛查项目中心应全面掌控现场的筛查情况(包括第一手资料的填写和登记),加强全面的技术质控,对现场出现的问题及时处理。结合欧美国家的经验:筛查的广覆盖(筛查点争取达到适龄妇女的70%),后续的正确诊断和有效治疗,随访及医疗保险的跟进等,环环相扣,组成一个整体的系统工程。中国幅员辽阔,人口众多,女性乳腺癌群体筛查任重而道远。

参考文献:略

原文参见:癌症进展. 2016;14(2):109-111.

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=119535, encodeId=faa1119535c9, content=好文章,百姓也能从中学到好多医学知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95553, encodeId=4525955538d, content=学习一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Aug 02 21:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1455956, encodeId=062b1455956eb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d1fc23e69b7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乳腺癌筛查#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23769, encryptionId=d1fc23e69b7, topicName=乳腺癌筛查)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=53d75754638, createdName=ay2002fy, createdTime=Thu Jul 21 02:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93750, encodeId=874993e5041, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Wed Jul 20 05:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93739, encodeId=4ec393e391f, content=学习学习!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Jul 19 22:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93710, encodeId=f1d093e1030, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 19:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93575, encodeId=3993935e5fb, content=值得关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 13:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93576, encodeId=9c4b935e65e, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 13:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-10 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    好文章,百姓也能从中学到好多医学知识

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=119535, encodeId=faa1119535c9, content=好文章,百姓也能从中学到好多医学知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95553, encodeId=4525955538d, content=学习一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Aug 02 21:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1455956, encodeId=062b1455956eb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d1fc23e69b7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乳腺癌筛查#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23769, encryptionId=d1fc23e69b7, topicName=乳腺癌筛查)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=53d75754638, createdName=ay2002fy, createdTime=Thu Jul 21 02:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93750, encodeId=874993e5041, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Wed Jul 20 05:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93739, encodeId=4ec393e391f, content=学习学习!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Jul 19 22:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93710, encodeId=f1d093e1030, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 19:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93575, encodeId=3993935e5fb, content=值得关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 13:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93576, encodeId=9c4b935e65e, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 13:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-02 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习一下!

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=119535, encodeId=faa1119535c9, content=好文章,百姓也能从中学到好多医学知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95553, encodeId=4525955538d, content=学习一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Aug 02 21:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1455956, encodeId=062b1455956eb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d1fc23e69b7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乳腺癌筛查#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23769, encryptionId=d1fc23e69b7, topicName=乳腺癌筛查)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=53d75754638, createdName=ay2002fy, createdTime=Thu Jul 21 02:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93750, encodeId=874993e5041, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Wed Jul 20 05:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93739, encodeId=4ec393e391f, content=学习学习!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Jul 19 22:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93710, encodeId=f1d093e1030, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 19:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93575, encodeId=3993935e5fb, content=值得关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 13:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93576, encodeId=9c4b935e65e, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 13:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=119535, encodeId=faa1119535c9, content=好文章,百姓也能从中学到好多医学知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95553, encodeId=4525955538d, content=学习一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Aug 02 21:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1455956, encodeId=062b1455956eb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d1fc23e69b7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乳腺癌筛查#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23769, encryptionId=d1fc23e69b7, topicName=乳腺癌筛查)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=53d75754638, createdName=ay2002fy, createdTime=Thu Jul 21 02:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93750, encodeId=874993e5041, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Wed Jul 20 05:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93739, encodeId=4ec393e391f, content=学习学习!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Jul 19 22:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93710, encodeId=f1d093e1030, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 19:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93575, encodeId=3993935e5fb, content=值得关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 13:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93576, encodeId=9c4b935e65e, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 13:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-20 flysky120

    好好学习

    0

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    2016-07-19 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习!

    0

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    2016-07-19 doctorJiangchao

    好文章

    0

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    2016-07-19 doctorJiangchao

    值得关注

    0

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    2016-07-19 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

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国际研究小组的研究人员已经确定了几个影响乳腺癌手术后持续性疼痛的风险因素,其中包括年龄较小、放疗、腋窝淋巴结清扫等,研究结果发表在CMAJ。 乳腺癌患者的10年生存率是83%左右。但是,25%-60%的妇女接受肿瘤切除术后发展为慢性疼痛。有哪些因素导致患者出息持续性的疼痛呢?为了深入探究导致患者手术后出现慢性疼痛的相关因素,来自加拿大、中国、巴西、西班牙和爱尔兰的研究人员对关于乳腺癌的30个研究数

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