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《胃癌腹膜转移防治中国专家共识》颁布——推动胃癌腹膜转移的规范化诊断与治疗

2017-07-20 CMT 中国医学论坛报

本次共识基于既往循证医学研究和临床实践,综合我国胃癌领域百余位专家的科研及临床经验进行撰写,具有简单实用、科学严谨和普适性等特点,从腹膜转移的诊断与分期、预防的主要手段及发生腹膜转移后的治疗等方面进行诠释,以期让广大临床医师更好地理解并加以运用。

本次共识基于既往循证医学研究和临床实践,综合我国胃癌领域百余位专家的科研临床经验进行撰写,具有简单实用、科学严谨和普适性等特点,从腹膜转移的诊断与分期、预防的主要手段及发生腹膜转移后的治疗等方面进行诠释,以期让广大临床医师更好地理解并加以运用。

明确胃癌腹膜转移的诊断、分期,
更好地制定诊疗策略

诊断手段各有优劣,临床中须综合判定

胃癌腹膜转移的常用诊断方法主要包括以下几种。①影像学诊断推荐X线计算机断层摄影(CT)作为胃癌腹膜转移的主要影像学检查手段。②血清标志物检测。这其中包括癌胚抗原(CEA)、癌抗原125(CA125)、癌抗原19-9(CA19-9)、癌抗原724(CA724)等胃癌常用的肿瘤标志物。但由于敏感性及阳性预测值均较差,在诊断胃癌腹膜转移时可作为辅助诊断的手段,而不能仅以此作为诊断的依据。③诊断性腹腔镜检查。虽然是有创检查,但能够了解腹膜转移的分布和大小情况,并获得明确的组织学及细胞学证据,利于制定临床治疗策略和评估治疗效果。④腹腔游离癌细胞检查。腹水或腹腔灌洗液细胞学检查是目前诊断腹腔内游离癌细胞的金标准。虽其敏感性较低,但有助于发现肉眼无法识别的微转移。

上述检查手段各有优劣,因此临床中需要综合患者的临床表现、病理分型、原发灶及转移淋巴结分期、血清肿瘤标志物、影像学或功能影像等综合判定,必要时行腹腔镜等有创检查手段以明确诊断。

确定分期标准,以明确后续治疗方案

综合考虑胃癌腹膜转移的分期,应从是否存在腹膜转移(P)和腹腔游离癌细胞(CY)是否为阳性的结果进行判断,这样有利于细化患者人群,从而采取不同的治疗策略。其中,P(TNM分期为M1)分为PX(有无腹膜转移不明者)、P0(无腹膜转移)和P1(有腹膜转移);CY分为CYX(未行腹腔灌洗液细胞学检查)、CY0(腹腔灌洗液细胞学检查无癌细胞)和CY1(腹腔灌洗液细胞学检查有癌细胞)。

加强预防,规范术后辅助化疗

在胃癌腹膜转移的预防方面,主要分为两个大的方向。一方面是要对患者进行风险因素的评估,通过危险度分级给予相应的治疗策略。另一方面是开展多种预防措施,尽可能地避免腹膜转移的发生。

腹膜转移的风险因素

既往循证研究已经证实,具有如下风险因素的胃癌患者发生腹膜转移的风险显着增加。

①TNM分期中T3、T4的患者和淋巴结转移(N)阳性的患者;②淋巴结外浸润的患者;③胃癌博尔曼(Borrmann)分型为Ⅲ、Ⅳ型的患者;④劳伦(Lauren)分型为弥漫型的患者。

采取规范化的预防措施

对于胃癌腹膜转移的高危患者应当进行积极预防,包括外科无瘤技术、术后辅助化疗以及预防性腹腔热灌注化疗。

首先,共识中已经给出详细的无瘤操作规范,外科手术中应按照无瘤规范进行操作,防止医源性扩散的发生。

第二,术后辅助化疗。能够杀灭手术无法清除的微小病灶,是降低术后复发和转移的有效手段。

传统氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)类药物分子量小、容易穿透血腹屏障,但因其迅速被二氢嘧啶脱氢酶(DPD)分解代谢而失去抗肿瘤活性。而新型口服5-FU类药物S-1(替吉奥)不仅可以穿透血腹屏障,而且含有吉美嘧啶(CDHP)、可有效阻止5-FU 分解,所以可维持腹腔内有效药物浓度。

推荐方案为:①S-1,80~120 mg/d,口服4周,停药2周,6周为一周期;持续1年(Ⅱ级,GradeA);②紫杉醇(PTX)序贯S-1(Ⅲ级,GradeB);③S-1+顺铂序贯S-1;S-1+多西他赛序贯S-1;多西他赛/卡铂/顺铂(Ⅳ级,GradeB)。

第三,采取预防性腹腔热灌注化疗(HIPEC)。目前HIPEC 作为预防性手段的临床证据不足,仍需进一步探索。共识中认为具有上述风险因素的患者可考虑术中应用HIPEC。

优化治疗,推荐腹膜转移有效治疗方案

对于确诊腹膜转移的初治患者,现有证据显示,手术联合化疗较单纯化疗未显示生存优势,不推荐手术治疗;但如果存在外科急症如肠梗阻、出血、顽固性腹水等,多学科协作(MDT)讨论后,可以考虑通过姑息性手术缓解相关症状。全身系统化疗是晚期胃癌的有效治疗方式,优于最佳支持治疗。对已确诊为胃癌腹膜转移的患者,应当采取积极的规范化的治疗手段。

根据患者一般情况,选择合适的全身治疗方案

共识综合循证医学证据推荐:对于P1CY0/1的患者,如果一般状况良好,推荐给予SP方案(S-1+顺铂)或者SOX方案(S-1+奥沙利铂)的全身化疗(对于腹水较多的患者,因顺铂所需的水化可能会导致腹水的增多,故此类患者首选SOX方案)。如果一般状况较差,可以考虑单药如PTX、S-1、5-FU等全身化疗的药物。

共识中对全身治疗的具体推荐方案:SP方案(Ⅱ级,GradeA)、SOX方案(Ⅱ级,GradeA)、PTX(Ⅲ级,GradeA)、S-1 单药(Ⅲ级,GradeA)以及5-FU持续静滴(Ⅲ级,GradeA)。

腹腔灌注化疗

共识推荐临床治疗以全身治疗为基础,可根据患者的一般状况、合并症、有无腹水、毒性反应进行腹腔灌注化疗(IP)。

Ⅲ期随机对照临床研究PHOENIX-GC 中,将183例胃癌腹膜转移患者以2︰1 的比例随机分配至IP组[PTX 腹腔灌注(20 mg/m2,d1、8)联合S-1(80 mg/m2,d1~14)+ PTX(50 mg/m2,d1、8)全身化疗方案,每3周为1周期]或SP组[顺铂静滴(60 mg/m2,d8)+ S-1(80 mg/m2,d1~21),每5周为1 周期]。结果显示,IP组和SP 组中位总生存期(OS)分别为17.7 个月和14.3 个月[风险比(HR)=0.64,95%可信区间(CI)为0.43~0.94,P=0.023]。特别是在中量腹水(腹水位于盆腔以上)的患者中,两组的差异明显(13.0 个月对6.8个月,HR=0.38)。

国内有一些观察性研究和Ⅱ期研究显示,5-FU/顺铂/PXT/多西他赛腹腔灌注化疗联合亚叶酸钙/5-FU/奥沙利铂对于晚期胃癌合并恶性腹水患者有一定疗效。因此,应结合腹水分级考虑在系统化疗的基础上添加IP治疗。

腹水是影响患者生存预后的核心因素之一。临床经CT 检查评估腹水量将患者分级为:无腹水、少量腹水(腹水在盆腔以下)、中量腹水(腹水在盆腔以上)和大量腹水(腹水蔓延至整个腹腔并伴有症状),分别考虑予以不同治疗策略:①无/少量腹水患者:全身系统化疗为核心治疗;②中量腹水患者:全身系统化疗的基础上,可以考虑联合IP治疗,可以有效地控制腹水,改善生活质量、延缓恶液质;③大量腹水患者:引流缓解症状并配合最佳支持治疗,对于腹水控制良好且体能较好的患者,可以经MDT讨论后给予抗肿瘤治疗。

对于化疗或化疗联合IP治疗后出现明确腹膜转移缓解(P0CY0)的患者,如一般状况较好,经过MDT讨论后可以考虑手术。

共识对胃癌腹膜转移的发生机制、预防腹膜转移的治疗方案、已发腹膜转移患者相关并发症的处理手段进行了详细阐述。共识中给出的胃癌腹膜转移诊疗流程图(见下图),为临床实践提供了更为简洁的参考依据,根据腹水量调整治疗策略,使患者能得到更多获益。随着今后更多高级别临床研究的公布,专家委员会还将及时对共识的内容进行更新和补充,以期不断提高我国胃癌的整体诊疗水平,为患者提供更大程度的获益!


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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLGSUSR8zwnWWLT4FMl5XH8S58HuZslVkLsAPbXDXaliagK7TOxQfmngKibG1yrDonepCLDkcxGk8hS/0, createdBy=b8282062892, createdName=changjiu, createdTime=Sat Jul 22 10:49:59 CST 2017, time=2017-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1578991, encodeId=448f15e899151, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0ff4856621f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腹膜转移#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85662, encryptionId=0ff4856621f, topicName=腹膜转移)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6e6d16475304, createdName=新生儿张玉军, createdTime=Sat Jul 22 08:20:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1623770, encodeId=1e491623e7066, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=16ba8564526' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腹膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85645, encryptionId=16ba8564526, topicName=腹膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=93e220615097, createdName=xuyong530, createdTime=Sat Jul 22 08:20:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=224364, encodeId=9fbf2243648d, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=d41c2055892, createdName=184****9840, createdTime=Thu Jul 20 20:15:11 CST 2017, time=2017-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-22 changjiu

    学习了,谢谢

    0

  7. 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLGSUSR8zwnWWLT4FMl5XH8S58HuZslVkLsAPbXDXaliagK7TOxQfmngKibG1yrDonepCLDkcxGk8hS/0, createdBy=b8282062892, createdName=changjiu, createdTime=Sat Jul 22 10:49:59 CST 2017, time=2017-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1578991, encodeId=448f15e899151, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0ff4856621f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腹膜转移#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85662, encryptionId=0ff4856621f, topicName=腹膜转移)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6e6d16475304, createdName=新生儿张玉军, createdTime=Sat Jul 22 08:20:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1623770, encodeId=1e491623e7066, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=16ba8564526' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腹膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85645, encryptionId=16ba8564526, topicName=腹膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=93e220615097, createdName=xuyong530, createdTime=Sat Jul 22 08:20:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=224364, encodeId=9fbf2243648d, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=d41c2055892, createdName=184****9840, createdTime=Thu Jul 20 20:15:11 CST 2017, time=2017-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1809274, encodeId=200f18092e4fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0c7983245d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胃癌腹膜转移#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83245, encryptionId=0c7983245d9, topicName=胃癌腹膜转移)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=101c2500074, createdName=124987e8m07暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Dec 20 07:20:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1719050, encodeId=7aea1e19050d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e32e915e89c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊断与治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91578, encryptionId=e32e915e89c, topicName=诊断与治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLGSUSR8zwnWWLT4FMl5XH8S58HuZslVkLsAPbXDXaliagK7TOxQfmngKibG1yrDonepCLDkcxGk8hS/0, createdBy=b8282062892, createdName=changjiu, createdTime=Sat Jul 22 10:49:59 CST 2017, time=2017-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1578991, encodeId=448f15e899151, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0ff4856621f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腹膜转移#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85662, encryptionId=0ff4856621f, topicName=腹膜转移)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6e6d16475304, createdName=新生儿张玉军, createdTime=Sat Jul 22 08:20:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1623770, encodeId=1e491623e7066, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=16ba8564526' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腹膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85645, encryptionId=16ba8564526, topicName=腹膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=93e220615097, createdName=xuyong530, createdTime=Sat Jul 22 08:20:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=224364, encodeId=9fbf2243648d, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=d41c2055892, createdName=184****9840, createdTime=Thu Jul 20 20:15:11 CST 2017, time=2017-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-22 xuyong530
  9. 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20:15:11 CST 2017, time=2017-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-20 184****9840

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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