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治疗父亲的胃癌,这名数学家把常规化疗效果提高了50%

2016-10-28 生物谷 生物谷

生命中,什么对你最重要? 不同的人有着截然不同的答案。对于MIT的数学家迪米特里斯·伯特西马斯(Dimitris Bertsimas)教授来说,他生命中最重要莫过于三件事:改善人类的境况;给人们的生活带来积极影响;了解这个世界如何运作。 ▲迪米特里斯是MIT的一名知名数学家(图片来源:Vimeo) 在MIT官网上写下他的处事哲学时,迪米特里斯也许没有想

生命中,什么对你最重要?

不同的人有着截然不同的答案。对于MIT的数学家迪米特里斯·伯特西马斯(Dimitris Bertsimas)教授来说,他生命中最重要莫过于三件事:改善人类的境况;给人们的生活带来积极影响;了解这个世界如何运作。


▲迪米特里斯是MIT的一名知名数学家(图片来源:Vimeo)

在MIT官网上写下他的处事哲学时,迪米特里斯也许没有想到,自己在多年后会为癌症患者带来怎样的重要改变。

故事的起因发生在近10年前。2007年,迪米特里斯的父亲经诊断患有非转移性胃癌,手术对此无能为力,唯一的治疗方案就是化疗。为了让父亲尽可能延长生命,并提高生活质量,迪米特里斯研究了全美五大医院的常规化疗方案。然而在一番调查后,他意外地发现,每家医院使用的策略都不同。究竟哪种治疗方法对自己的父亲能起到更好的效果呢?

“我读了这些医院的临床试验数据,做了一些简单的计算”,迪米特里斯说。数学家的天性让他从理性的角度思考不同的化疗策略——他画了一张图,横坐标是药物的毒性,纵坐标是患者的生存率。在曲线上,迪米特里斯取了一个他认为的最优策略,并让父亲开始治疗。

他的父亲在确诊后又活了2年,这比医生的预期整整翻了一倍。


▲尽管胃癌的发病率在保持下降,但胃癌患者的5年生存率依然不容乐观(图片来源:NIH)

虽然没有最终挽回父亲的生命,但这段经历给了迪米特里斯一个新的启示——如果花上更多的时间,搜集更多的数据,是否能让更多的患者从中受益?于是,他和他的研究团队收集了自1980年以来大量有关胃癌的论文,并从其中的414篇论文里获取了有用的临床试验数据。“我们从大量患者身上获得了关键的信息,包括他们病得有多严重,用了什么样的药物,治疗计划与疗效如何,药物的副作用有多少,他们又活了多久,” 迪米特里斯说道:“这些数据能够告诉我们对于特定的癌症和人群,哪些疗法的效果最佳,哪些疗法又会有副作用。”

利用这些数据,研究团队用机器学习的方法,搭建了一个统计学模型。在这个模型里,药物类型以及它们的剂量与最终的疗效被直接挂起了钩。换句话说,只要在这个模型里填入药物的信息,这个模型在理论上就能预测化疗的效果。

“我们知道这个模型特别管用”,迪米特里斯说。研究团队分别用1980-2005年与1980-2006年的数据,预测2006年和2007年的试验结果。计算机返回的数据显示,模型的预测极为准确。


▲已有数据的预测结果让研究团队对这个模型的准确率抱有很大的信心(图片来源:参考资料[2])

这个令人兴奋的结果,意味着我们可以在临床试验启动前,就了解不同的化疗药物组合可能起到的效果。迪米特里斯表示,之前我们可能尝试了药物A和药物B的组合疗法,也尝试了药物C和药物D的组合疗法,但是药物A和药物C的疗法则是个全新的领域,没有人知道它们的效果怎样。现在,我们能够从庞大的药物数据库中寻找出对特定人群能起到最好疗效的药物组合,为他们进行更好的治疗。

这取得了奇效。

以晚期胃癌为例,这种恶性肿瘤在确诊后,患者的平均寿命只有大约10个月。但使用经优化的药物组合治疗后,患者的寿命能够额外延长4-6个月。这相当于延长了40%-60%的生命。“我们目前还无法治愈癌症,但我们可以延长患者的生存期,降低化疗的毒性,让患者过上更有质量的生活”,迪米特里斯说。

这还不是这个强大模型的全部。研究人员发现,它有望能在试验前找到对特定疗法不敏感的患者。这能够让临床试验的设计人员重新考虑患者的招募条件,对条件进行精简,节省试验的成本。此外,在后续测试的配合下,这些结果可能带来新的生物标志物,或者找到疾病的新机理,进一步影响人们对疾病的认识。


▲研究团队期望将这个模型应用到更多的疾病上(图片来源:MIT)

目前,研究团队正在将同样的方法应用到胃癌之外的其他疾病上。最近,他们刚刚完成了1500多个乳腺癌化疗临床试验的数据收集,数据分析和建模也正在紧锣密鼓地进行中。据悉,他们计划和纽约长老会医院合作,推进更为精准的临床试验。此外,迪米特里斯也已经开始研究糖尿病药物的具体疗效,并希望能为病人带来个性化的血糖控制方案。最终,研究团队计划和美国临床肿瘤学会合作,将所有的数据和模型公开。

就这样,一名数学家为了延长父亲生命所做的努力,最终给广大的癌症患者带来了积极的影响。而这正是迪米特里斯最为看重的。我们祝愿这个结合了机器学习的精准模型能够早日开放,让包括中国患者在内的全球各大疾病早日用上最有效的治疗方案。

相关研究:

Bertsimas D, Silberholz J, Trikalinos T. Optimal healthcare decision making under multiple mathematical models: application in prostate cancer screening. Health Care Manag Sci. 2016 Sep 17.

Bertsimas D, Czerwinski D, Kane M. Measuring quality in diabetes care: an expert-based statistical approach. Springerplus. 2013 Dec;2(1):226. doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-226.


参考资料:

[1] Computationally Predicting Drug Combos

[2] An Analytics approach to Designing Combination Chemotherapy Regimens for Cancer

[3] MIT 官方网站

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    希望会更好的造福人类!

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    2016-11-04 明天会更好!

    希望会有更好的研究成果问世!

    0

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    2016-11-04 明天会更好!

    希望会有更好的研究成果问世!

    0

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    2016-11-04 明天会更好!

    希望会有更好的研究成果!

    0

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    2016-11-04 明天会更好!

    希望会有更好的研究成果!

    0

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