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影像基础:局限性功能性肠梗阻:哨兵襻

2022-09-17 华夏影像诊断中心 华夏影像诊断中心

局限性肠梗阻可能类似早期机械性小肠梗阻,两者均可见几个扩张的小肠肠襻,同时结肠内可见气体,所谓早期是指患者出现肠梗阻症状仅1-2天,若出现梗阻症状1周及以上,影像学看不到早期梗阻征象。

病理生理基础

     毗邻脏器的炎症常会导致一个或几个肠襻的局灶性刺激,受累的肠襻几乎都是小肠,由于他们往往可提示潜在病因,从而被称为哨兵襻。由于局灶性刺激,使这些肠管失去正常功能及蠕动能力,从而导致肠管扩张;由于功能性肠梗阻达不到机械性肠梗阻的梗阻程度,一些气体仍然可以通过失去功能的梗阻肠管,直肠或乙状结肠通常可见气体影。

     扩张的肠襻常位于发生炎症或炎症刺激相邻腹部脏器的同一解剖区域,但并不全是如此,下图为局限性肠梗阻部位及其常见原因

局限性肠梗阻关键影像学特征

       传统X线上,可见一个或两个持续扩张的小肠肠襻,持续是指多种体位(仰卧、俯卧、直立)或多个时间点的腹部多次系列检查均提示同一肠襻扩张。扩张是指小肠肠管直径持续大于2.5cm,功能性肠梗阻小肠扩张程度常常比机械性肠梗阻轻,哨兵襻内通常可见气液平面,直肠及乙状结肠往往可见气体影。

       大肠作为哨兵襻则较为少见,但一些特殊情况下(如阑尾炎时盲肠扩张)也可发生,相对比较容易忽略。

上图为急性胰腺炎所致小肠局限性肠梗阻

诊断误区:早期小肠梗阻

       局限性肠梗阻可能类似早期机械性小肠梗阻,两者均可见几个扩张的小肠肠襻,同时结肠内可见气体,所谓早期是指患者出现肠梗阻症状仅1-2天,若出现梗阻症状1周及以上,影像学看不到早期梗阻征象。解决方案:结合临床和实验室检查,以及腹部CT检查查找梗阻原因,可对于鉴别两者有一定帮助。

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