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PICC常见并发症及其处理

2017-10-27 Ryy 肿瘤资讯

反复扎针很痛苦,PICC来帮忙。对于需要长期输液或输注高危液体的患者,PICC以其穿刺成功率高、可长期带管、减少外周静脉损伤等优势得到了广大患者及医务工作者的认可。但随着其临床应用的增多,并发症的出现也随之增加。那么,PICC常见的并发症有哪些?临床应该如何预防及处理呢?

反复扎针很痛苦,PICC来帮忙。对于需要长期输液或输注高危液体的患者,PICC以其穿刺成功率高、可长期带管、减少外周静脉损伤等优势得到了广大患者及医务工作者的认可。但随着其临床应用的增多,并发症的出现也随之增加。那么,PICC常见的并发症有哪些?临床应该如何预防及处理呢?

什么是PICC?

经外周静脉中心静脉导管置入(peripherauy inserted central catheter,PICC),是指经外周静脉(贵要静脉、肘正中静脉、头静脉)穿刺置入中心静脉导管,使导管头端到达上腔静脉的下1/3处或上腔静脉和右心房交界处。PICC置管操作简单、穿刺成功率高,带管时间最长可至1年,可以为患者提供中、长期的静脉输液治疗,保护了外周静脉并避免了反复静脉穿刺给患者带来的痛苦。

PICC的优势

癌症患者的治疗具有一定的特殊性,比如化疗疗程长,输注药物对血管刺激性大,晚期的患者需要静脉营养(包括高渗性液体)支持治疗等。PICC充分地发挥其长期留置的优越性,治疗间歇期可以带管离院,不影响正常日常活动,化疗患者可以有效避免因长期输注化疗药物或高浓度药物等对血管的损伤。

PICC常见并发症

1 穿刺相关并发症及处理

1.1送管不到位

PICC操作中根据血管B超定位穿刺点,操作过程为盲穿操作,操作前操作者会根据患者的身高、臂长粗略估计进管长度,但由于静脉走形等原因会存在一定的误差,另外由于患者静脉痉挛,静脉分叉多、静脉硬化等原因也可导致导管头端不能达到预定位置。操作过程中应与患者良好沟通,降低患者紧张程度、尽量选择贵要静脉操作。

1.2导管易位

如果患者存在静脉畸形或肺部病变,会导致导管不能准确进入中心静脉,另外如果导管测量不准确或预计长度过长可能导致导管插入过长,导管头端一旦进入右心房或心室会诱发心律失常。PICC操作过程中应询问病人症状,患者置管时上臂与身体保持90度,操作后应立即行胸片检查以观察导管头端位置并及时调整导管长度,PICC导管头端最佳位置位于胸6-8后肋。

1.3误穿动脉

应熟悉解剖位置,穿刺时以B超引导可大大降低误穿可能。

1.4 渗血、水肿

穿刺过程中如果穿刺针型号过大、操作粗暴、患者有出血倾向或抗凝治疗有可能导致穿刺点出现渗血、疼痛或肿胀。穿刺前应询问患者用药情况,熟练操作过程。一旦出现上述症状应立即加压止血,敷料加压固定,嘱患者肢体制动,必要时可以给予止血药物。

2 穿刺后并发症

2.1 静脉炎

静脉炎发生的原因与导管型号的选择、置管过程中反复穿刺、穿刺处肢体过度活动相关。文献报道发生率最高可达15%。通常发生在置管后1周左右,好发于穿刺点上方8-10cm。属于急性无菌性炎症。根据临床症状体征,静脉炎分级标准如下:

0级:无临床症状(体征)

1级:输液部位红,伴或不伴疼痛

2级:输液部位疼痛,伴有发红和(或)水肿

3级:输液部位疼痛,伴有发红和(或)水肿,有条索状物生成,可触及条索状静脉

4级:输液部位疼痛,伴有发红和(或)水肿,有条索状物生成,可触及条索状静脉,长度>2.5cm,有脓液流出。

一旦发生静脉炎应积极处理,包括热敷、超短波治疗、外敷硫酸镁或喜辽妥软膏,如果72小时症状无改善或加重,应拔除导管。

2.2静脉血栓

由于穿刺过程中血管内膜的损伤,导管长期漂浮于血管中血液形成涡流而产生微血栓或是封管方法不规范等原因,加之肿瘤患者本身血液处于高凝状态,均有可能造成静脉血栓形成。

置管患者应常规测量臂围,日常护理中给予脉冲式冲管。发现静脉血栓时需要暂停输液并热敷,给予抗凝或溶栓,必要时拔除导管。

2.3导管相关性感染

PICC置管术后继发感染及败血症是最为严重的并发症,发生率3-10%。操作过程中无菌技术不规范、换药不及时或导管留置时间过长有关。在导管入口处可见红肿、硬结、流脓,面积<2cm2。出现局部感染症状或不明原因发热及血象增高时应高度怀疑导管相关感染。需要进行局部培养及导管尖端培养。

操作过程中要严格无菌操作,置管后按时换药。发生感染时应加强换药,及时送检细菌培养并给予抗生素治疗。

2.4导管堵塞

血凝块堵塞是末端开口式导管堵塞最常见的原因,另外还有一些非血凝堵塞。常由于封管方法不正确或不合理的输液速度和顺序所致。如果导管使用过程中出现输液困难、冲管阻力大、回抽无回血等情况应高度怀疑导管堵塞。

在日常使用中应注意输液顺序,高渗液与等渗液交替输注,乳剂优先输注,输注血制品、蛋白制剂后及时冲管。采用脉冲式冲管,正压封管可以有效减少导管堵塞。

一旦出现导管堵塞,应检查导管是否打折,回抽是否可以抽出凝块,对于脂肪乳剂引起的堵塞可以选择75%的乙醇,如果是血凝块堵塞可以使用尿激酶溶栓。如果导管不能继续使用可以原位更换导管或拔管。

2.5导管脱出移位

由于固定不当或患者穿刺肢体剧烈活动或胸腔压力的改变可能导致导管脱出或移位。

在穿刺时尽量避免肘窝,优选贵要静脉。置管后应采用良好的固定装置。更换敷料时,应测量体外导管长度,不要将导管带出体外。体外导管应完全覆盖于透明敷料之下,并以U型固定导管末端(图3)。告知患者日常活动时应动作轻柔,肘部避免剧烈运动,保持敷料干燥。

1509082187913522.png

总之,目前PICC技术已成功应用于临床。对于患者可以减少外周静脉反复穿刺、减少高渗液体或化疗药物对外周静脉的刺激、避免穿刺针造成的活动受限。随着临床应用的增多,并发症的发生率也随之增加,但部分并发症可以通过操作及后期护理的规范化、患者宣教得以避免。

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    2018-07-25 丁鹏鹏
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    2017-10-30 三生有幸9135

    学习一下谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-10-29 tomyang87
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    2017-10-29 zhs3884
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    2017-10-28 雅文博武

    学习了很多先进的医疗技术

    0

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    2017-10-28 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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    2017-10-28 明月清辉

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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    2017-10-28 thlabcde

    好资料学习了!

    0

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    2017-10-28 swfzhanggui

    我们都值锁骨下静脉

    0

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