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应将疱疹性咽峡炎纳入手足口病临床管理路径中!

2016-07-17 儿科蜡笔小新 医学界儿科频道

无论是HFMD还是疱疹性咽峡炎均为EV71等肠道病毒感染的不同类型或阶段,那么两种疾病的截点是什么?临床如何处理二者的关系并进行相应的诊治?一、 有无皮疹不是疱疹性咽峡炎与手足口病的截点卫生部《手足口病诊疗指南(2010年版)》认为:“无皮疹病例,临床不宜诊断为手足口病”。换句话说,卫生部指南认为二者的截点是:有无皮疹!即,没有出现皮疹而仅有口腔疱疹的,建议诊断为“疱疹性咽峡炎”,如果在此基础上又

无论是HFMD还是疱疹性咽峡炎均为EV71等肠道病毒感染的不同类型或阶段,那么两种疾病的截点是什么?临床如何处理二者的关系并进行相应的诊治?


一、 有无皮疹不是疱疹性咽峡炎与手足口病的截点


卫生部《手足口病诊疗指南(2010年版)》认为:“无皮疹病例,临床不宜诊断为手足口病”。换句话说,卫生部指南认为二者的截点是:有无皮疹!即,没有出现皮疹而仅有口腔疱疹的,建议诊断为“疱疹性咽峡炎”,如果在此基础上又出现皮疹了,则建议诊断为“手足口病(HFMD)”。但是,这种观点与众多重症HFMD并没有出现皮疹的研究报道不相符,如杨思达等报道的54例死亡病例中仅36例出现典型皮疹。细思恐极,如果按照指南把没有皮疹的病例诊断为其他疾病(如疱疹性咽峡炎),极可能错过重症HFMD的及时抢救。那么,到底二者的截点在哪里?有没有必要鉴别这两种疾病?临床如何处理二者的关系并进行相应的诊治?


二、疱疹性咽峡炎与手足口病的异同点


用一张表来看看HFMD与疱疹性咽峡炎之间异同点:




图片来源:见水印


也就是说,从病原学方面,二者病原谱类似,均为肠道病毒感染导致的传染性疾病,没有鉴别意义;从发病季节看,二者均好发于夏秋季节;从年龄看,手足口病好发于5岁以下儿童,尤其是3岁以下高发,而疱疹性咽峡炎年龄范围包括1-10岁的儿童;从传播途径看,二者均可通过消化道、呼吸道和接触传播;从潜伏期看,HFMD为2-7天,疱疹性咽峡炎3-10天;从起病症状看,均以发热、头痛、咽痛、拒食等非特异性症状起病;从临床表现看,HFMD表现为发热、手足口臀出现皮疹,严重可出现CNS症状和体征,而疱疹性咽峡炎则主要表现为急性发热、咽痛,软腭后部、咽及扁桃体可见红色晕斑,周围有特征性的白色疱疹。也就是说,无论从哪一方面都很难在临床上将二者完全区分开。


三、应将疱疹性咽峡炎纳入HFMD临床管理路径中


无论是流行病学和病史,还是病原学和辅助检查,或者卫生部指南所提到的皮疹,均很难将二者区分开,很难找到二者间有意义的截点。那么,HFMD与疱疹性咽峡炎之间的鉴别有意义吗?其实,鉴别意义不大。因为二者各方面均较为类似,且急性传染病,临床救治策略也相当。我们论述认为:疱疹性咽峡炎与手足口病是EV71肠道病毒感染的不同阶段或类型。


因此,建议据WHO手足口病指南意见:应将疱疹性咽峡炎纳入HFMD临床管理路径中;而不能反过来,将手足口病误诊为疱疹性咽峡炎!这样做的好处显而易见,就是不会误将重症HFMD按照疱疹性咽峡炎进行诊治,而导致错失及时抢救时间窗。


四、防止重症病例才是根本


无论是考虑HFMD还是疱疹性咽峡炎,只要出现以下特征,即提示有可能短期内发展为危重病例,应及时予以干预。重症手足口病的预警信号:


  • 超高热、 顽固休克、 深昏迷、 超高心率和持续超高血压者, 神经系统定位主要在延髓和部分下丘脑;


  • 眼球共济失调、 呼吸共济失调、咽反射减弱/ 消失、肺渗出、呼吸节律异常和血压升高者, 神经系统定位于交感神经、中脑与延髓;


  • 焦虑不安、疲倦思睡、肢体抖动、惊跳、喷射性呕吐;


  • 四肢发冷、皮肤花斑纹、心率增快或减慢、血压升高、CRT延长等;


  • 白细胞异常增高(WBC> 15×10^9/L),且除外其他感染;


  • 应激性高血糖(>8.3 mmol/L),除儿童糖尿病


从治疗角度看,HFMD与疱疹性咽峡炎均属于急性传染病,二者治疗原则相似,均以对症支持治疗为主。大部分HFMD和疱疹性咽峡炎病程都有一定的自限性,一般对症处理即可。因此,关键还是在于识别重症病例。对于重症病例,要立即建立有效的重症监护系统,迅速改善循环,保护心、脑、肺、肾等重要脏器,出现呼吸功能障碍要及时予以机械通气及对症处理。


五、疱疹性咽峡炎与手足口病关系的启示


通过这两篇文章的论述,我们可以发现:不同的疾病,在其发展过程中,由于致病机制相类似,可以因而采取相同的治疗法则。这与中医学“异病同治”有异曲同工之妙。


姑且不论中医的疗效和科学性,但有一点无可辩驳,那就是中医的一些思想对现代医学有一定借鉴意义。比如,“同病异治”强调的是针对不同的个体化治疗;“异病同治”强调的是治病要辨证论治,抓住发病机理才能抓住疾病本质。


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    2017-05-17 kun111

    好文章

    0

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    2017-06-13 rgjl
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    2016-09-09 ylzr123

    文章值得深入学习探讨。

    0

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    2017-04-18 lingqf
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中国成功研发全球EV71型手足口病灭活疫苗

全球首个肠道病毒71型灭活疫苗(人二倍体细胞)正式投入市场。该疫苗的上市,对于有效降低EV71引起的手足口病的发病,尤其是减少手足口病的重症和死亡病例具有重要意义。 肠道病毒71型是人肠道病毒的一种,简称为EV71,常引起儿童手足口病、病毒性咽峡炎,重症患儿可出现心肌炎、肺水肿、脑炎等,严重的会引起死亡。自1981年手足口病在中国出现以来,已发生多次大规模暴发或流行。

Cell Reports:中国研究发现手足口病毒免疫调控新机制

6月24日,国际学术期刊Cell Reports在线发表了中国科学院上海巴斯德研究所孟广勋课题组和中国医学科学院病原生物学研究所王健伟课题组合作的最新科研成果“Reciprocal Regulation between Enterovirus 71 and the NLRP3 Inflammasome”(肠道病毒71型与NLRP3炎症小体的相互调控作用研究)。该研究首次发现了重要天然免疫分子NLR

肠道病毒灭活疫苗或降低手足口病发病率

近日,由中国疾病预防控制中心领导的一项新研究显示,在婴幼儿中大规模实施肠道病毒71型(EV-A71)灭活疫苗免疫接种,将会显著降低手足口病的发病率和总体治疗负担。相关研究成果2月16日发表于《科学公共图书馆·医学》。 该中心传染病监测预警重点实验室常务副主任余宏杰介绍说,中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所、北京科兴生物制品有限公司和中国生物技术股份有限公司3家机构分别自主研发出EV-A71灭活疫

上海正引进国产手足口病疫苗,可预防主要病原EV71型病毒

根据上海市疾控中心传染病监测数据显示,每年4-7月和10-12月为上海手足口病的流行季节,其中夏季高峰4-7月为主要流行季节。 4月25日是“全国儿童预防接种日”。澎湃新闻从当日由上海市卫生计生委、上海市疾控中心等共同举办的“上海市2016年儿童预防接种日”活动中获悉,上海正在积极引进“EV71灭活疫苗”。 2016年3月18日,中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所(昆明所)自主研发的预防用

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