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World J Pediatr:搬迁与环境清洁对降低NICU医疗保健相关感染发病率的影响

2018-03-19 检索与翻译:邵晓丹 审核:徐虹 SIFIC感染官微

HAIs一直是新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)中新生儿发病和死亡的主要原因。尽管HAIs在入院患者中频繁发生,其中约30%可以通过特定的控制措施进行有效预防。由于NICU中危重新生儿的免疫系统不成熟,且接受了大量侵入性诊疗操作,罹患HAIs的风险大大增加。因此,在NICU对HAIs进行有效控制是至关重要的。

c病房搬迁、实施新的环境清洁措施是否对降低环境表面污染和HAIs发病率有影响?且看浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院的研究报道。

基本情况

该院旧NICU有45张床位,配备两个开放式护理区域和一个隔离病房,而新NICU有60张床位,配备四个开放式护理区域和一个隔离病房。

这是一项为期五年的前瞻性研究,评估环境清洁干预的影响,并在两个不同时期进行监测,分别为旧NICU基线期(2009年1月至2011年12月)和新NICU干预期(2012年1月至2013年12月)。

干预措施

基线期间,医院保洁人员(ESWs)每日进行两次日常清洁,使用传统的棉质抹布和水桶。ESWs使用相同抹布擦拭所有高频接触的患者护理区域、患者共用物品及开放式护理区域的公共部位。当抹布出现可见污染或用于下一张病床时,ESWs会在水桶中手洗抹布。只有清洁不同的护理区域时,才更换水桶中的水。日常清洁后ESWs会使用200mg/L含氯消毒剂对物表进行常规消毒。每个工作日结束后,使用1000mg/L含氯消毒剂对抹布和水桶浸泡5-10分钟,随后用自来水冲洗、待干。

干预期间,ESWs每日仍进行两次日常清洁,但带有颜色标记的超细纤维布取代了棉质抹布。一块超细纤维布仅用于一个患者区域或一件物品。当出现可见污染或用于下一张病床前,更换超细纤维布。上午日常清洁后一小时进行日常环境消毒,仍使用200mg/L含氯消毒剂处理地面,并使用消毒湿巾擦拭其他环境表面,如病床和新生儿暖箱、监视器、注射泵、推车等。超细纤维布和可拆卸式拖把头在热力清洗机90℃条件下洗涤10分钟,随后机械烘干60分钟,24小时内复用。ESWs接受了有关环境清洁操作新流程及重复使用物品清洁方法的培训。每个患者区域每日使用一次消毒湿巾,每次约1-2张。这种一次性消毒湿巾也用于隔离病房和患者出院后的病床终末消毒。该研究干预措施不包括手卫生依从性和抗生素管理,但对手卫生用品消耗量进行了分析。在两个研究阶段,医生、护士和ESWs的人员组成完全相同。表1比较了这两个阶段的环境清洁措施。



实验室检测

研究以MRSA为目标细菌。无菌棉拭子在无菌生理盐水中浸湿后,立即在患者区域的环境表面擦拭三次,包括床栏、听诊器、新生儿暖箱、监视器、注射泵和抽屉把手,之后即刻将采集的标本接种于CHROMagarMRSA显色培养基,置37℃温箱培养24小时。培养基上的可疑紫色菌落在营养肉汤中培养24小时后,提取DNA。检测nuc基因和mecA基因。

结果

新NICU建筑布局更佳,配备高效过滤器,为洁净NICU,建筑面积更大(324.8 m2 vs.219.2 m2),病床平均使用面积从4.9 m2增加到5.4 m2。在新NICU的护理区域入口装有三个洗手池,配备纸巾和自动水龙头。新NICU的洗手池病床比为1:3.3,而旧NICU的比率则为1:15。表2总结了新旧NICU的主要区别,其中病房入住率由原先的92.7%上升到98.2%。



基线期100个环境表面样本中共有44个(44.0%)呈MRSA阳性,而干预期800个环境表面样本中仅有20个(2.5%)呈MRSA阳性(P<0.001)。新NICU中MRSA的环境污染率为0.0%至7.0%。新旧NICU的MRSA定植率无统计学差异(5.13%vs.7.14%,P=0.707)。

新旧NICU的平均住院时间分别为8.0天和8.2天(P>0.999)。基线期30452个住院日内,3733名新生儿中出现511例HAIs;而干预期间43012个住院日内,5414名新生儿中出现432例HAIs,HAIs的发病密度显著下降(P<0.001)。MRSA感染率从3.3/千住院日急剧下降到0.8/千住院日(P<0.001);VAP发病密度从5.4/千通气机日下降至2.6/千通气日(P<0.001)。但是PICC相关感染的发病密度从3.4/千PICC日上升至7.5/千PICC日(P=0.019)。下图为每季度HAI、PICC和VAP感染率折线图。



讨论

医院环境清洁对感染控制和患者健康至关重要。多项研究证明了改善环境清洁和消毒对减少HAIs的作用。同样,本研究发现医院清洁干预能有效降低病房表面的MRSA阳性率,从原有的44%下降至2.5%。HAIs的发病密度随之降低,从基线期的16.8/千住院日下降至干预期10.0/千住院日。

有关环境表面清洁和消毒的最佳实践操作在众多文献中已有叙述。一项研究表明,采用干预方法进行强化的ICU清洁可减少MRSA和VRE的传播,降低入住既往MRSA阳性患者病房后感染MRSA的风险。然而一项在两家医院ICU进行的随机交叉研究表明,强化环境清洁能减少环境污染和手部携带,但对患者的MRSA感染情况无显著影响。另一方面,Tekin等指出,MRSA在病原体中仅占有很低的比例。此外,Aktar等表示,土耳其ICU的金黄色葡萄球菌感染发病率正在迅速下降,可能会影响经验性治疗策略。

在本研究中,环境清洁干预主要围绕三个方面进行。第一,引入“清洁单元”操作以避免交叉污染。在新NICU中一块清洁布仅用于一个患者区域或一个物体,而在旧NICU中一块清洁布用于一个包含多个患者区域的开放式护理区域。第二,在干预期使用消毒湿巾。消毒湿巾的有效成分为季铵盐化合物,在使用后长达48小时内对VRE和铜绿假单胞菌具有持续抑菌效果。还有证据表明一次性消毒湿巾效率更高。Wiemken等将消毒湿巾与传统清洁布和水桶进行效果比较,发现消毒湿巾能显著提高操作者依从性,并加快清洁和消毒过程。第三,使用清洗机对重复使用的清洁布和可拆卸式拖把头进行清洗,以确保清洁的有效性。最近一项研究表明,先在70℃水温下洗涤纺织品15分钟,再在78℃下翻转干燥22分钟,可减少高达9个对数值CFU的细菌量。自动化机器的清洁和消毒作用经过了大量证实,被认为是处理重复使用的清洁布和拖把头的一种安全有效的方法,也是最值得推荐给医院使用的清洁方式,但不建议在多个区域使用同一块清洁布。然而,目前在中国大陆,用水桶清洗清洁布的传统方式仍占主导地位。

改变建筑布局是降低HAIs的另一个重点。Vietri等发现,大幅改变建筑布局有利于实施最优感染控制措施,但其本身不足以减少医院内MRSA的传播。Fahed等还发现,将内科重症监护室(MICU)搬迁到新建位置,并采取最优感染控制措施,有可能降低医院感染的发病率,因为新病房内的固定装置和物体表面完好无损,可能更易清洁。

该研究中干预措施不包括手卫生依从性和抗生素管理。但是研究者也有一些有趣的发现。新NICU的洗手池病床比明显上升,从旧NICU的1:15增加到新NICU的1:3.3,但基线期和干预期的液体皂,快速手消和纸巾的消耗量几乎没有差异,表明增加可供使用的手卫生设施并未能改善手卫生的表现。在新NICU消耗的手卫生用品(液体皂和快速手消)总量为39.0L/千住院日,这与旧NICU消耗的38.4L/千住院日几乎相等。因此该研究认为,良好的环境清洁操作,而非手卫生依从性,为减少HAIs作出了主要贡献。

PICC的治疗存在潜在风险,如极低出生体重儿和超低出生体重儿出现的导管机械性并发症和医院感染败血症。研究发现新NICU的PICC感染率有所增加。这可能与其他因素有关,如用于皮肤准备或操作相关的消毒措施。研究期间,在新NICU使用聚维酮碘溶液,但20年前Garland等发现,0.5%葡萄糖酸氯己定和70%异丙醇复配型消毒剂,相比10%聚维酮碘溶液能更有效地预防新生儿PICC感染。此外Chaiyakunapruk等的meta分析显示,相比聚维酮碘溶液,使用葡萄糖酸氯己定对插管部位进行皮肤消毒能大幅降低中央静脉插管患者的血流感染发病率。

该研究也存在一定的局限性。首先,对环境表面的MRSA和患者身上携带MRSA二者的关系缺乏分子流行病学分析。其次,限于研究设计,无法对单项环境清洁干预措施的各方面效果进行评估,从而无法确定最优干预措施。但是集束化干预措施是有效的。第三,环境表面材质的改善可能会使表面清洁更有效、更持久,且重新搬迁的病房也可能会提高ESWs的工作积极性。

总结

综上所述,将NICU搬迁至建筑布局更佳的新位置,并配以更为便利的手卫生设施,很可能有利于院内感染控制。采取一系列的环境控制措施(包括在日常清洁中遵循“清洁单元”原则、使用消毒湿巾和抹布、拖把头热力清洗消毒复用)是切实有效的,且可能有助于降低环境微生物负载和医疗保健相关感染。

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    2018-08-27 feather89
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    2018-03-21 zhangjiqing
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    2018-03-20 yfjms

    学习

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1638496, encodeId=b3f01638496b2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=afda591646' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5916, encryptionId=afda591646, topicName=DIA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=987022654425, createdName=ms9608593228839890, createdTime=Tue Jul 24 19:31:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1727165, encodeId=953b1e2716565, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=986913980dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13980, encryptionId=986913980dd, topicName=PE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f06c33759375, createdName=feather89, createdTime=Mon Aug 27 03:31:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1823443, encodeId=d712182344387, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b2873e9220e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#发病率#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37922, encryptionId=b2873e9220e, topicName=发病率)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aa0e14, createdName=lifestar, createdTime=Mon Dec 03 06:31:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1525882, encodeId=8b63152588219, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=22a03480efa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医疗保健#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=34807, encryptionId=22a03480efa, topicName=医疗保健)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8eb511671747, createdName=drj2007, createdTime=Wed Mar 21 11:31:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1590721, encodeId=758d1590e2170, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9e7c12e9608' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#NICU#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12796, encryptionId=9e7c12e9608, topicName=NICU)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cd9917855235, createdName=zhangjiqing, createdTime=Wed Mar 21 11:31:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=297872, encodeId=a17b29e87244, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3da1990174, createdName=yfjms, createdTime=Tue Mar 20 01:21:12 CST 2018, time=2018-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=297833, encodeId=975329e833a2, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Mon Mar 19 23:06:24 CST 2018, time=2018-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-19 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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