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书包过重,趴桌睡觉会诱发儿童脊柱侧弯?骨科专家:做到这几点可以尽早发现孩子脊柱侧弯

2021-12-14 39健康网 网络

我们先来看看正常的脊柱是什么样子的。正常的脊柱有两个功能:一是承重,二是活动。就像一栋楼的承重墙,必须是笔直的,所以从正面看,整个脊柱是一个“1”字形的形状。

 

小雪今年刚升入小学6年级,学业越来越重,不仅书包变重了,而且一回家就埋头在课本里写作业。写太累了就趴桌上写,写字姿势也不规范。小雪妈妈发现小雪开始有点驼背,听说小孩子很容易脊柱侧弯,书包那么重,中午午休也是趴桌上睡觉,自己的孩子会不会发展成脊柱侧弯啊?在家长群里一问,结果炸锅了。

 

小孩高低肩到底是不是脊柱侧弯?书包太重,趴桌睡觉会不会诱发儿童脊柱侧弯?家长怎样才能尽早发现小孩脊柱侧弯?11月19日,中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院脊柱外科彭焰副主任医师通过39健康直播,为大家解谜儿童脊柱侧弯。

 

 

脊柱侧弯的标准:侧弯的度数大于10度

 

我们先来看看正常的脊柱是什么样子的。正常的脊柱有两个功能:一是承重,二是活动。就像一栋楼的承重墙,必须是笔直的,所以从正面看,整个脊柱是一个“1”字形的形状。从侧面看,能看到人体有四个弯曲,呈 “s”形,这样的结构让我们的脊柱更坚强,更有弹性。这个弯曲是人体正常的生理弯曲。

 

从正面看,如果一个人的脊柱不是一条线,那么,它就可能存在脊柱侧弯。要注意区分的是,并不是说有一点点弯就叫脊柱侧弯,这是有一个标准的:用x线测量,弯的度数大于10度的,才叫作脊柱侧弯。

 

脊柱侧弯好发年龄:青春期

 

脊柱侧弯的好发年龄是在儿童生长发育的高峰期,一般在青春期前期、青春期,或是青春期后的几年之内,概括来说就是12~18岁,这是一个高发的年龄。这个时期,由于小孩子的生长速度快,也是脊柱畸形进展最快的时期。而这个年龄的小朋友,很多时候是远离家人开始要寄宿,也都有了一些自己的个人的独立感和空间感,已经不太愿意让家人去关注他。这个时候往往会导致一些畸形没有得到及时发现,也就得不到积极的干预。所以小孩子在这个时期的家长,一定要格外关注孩子的脊柱发育情况。

 

图为医生拍摄

 

日常的姿势坐姿不会引起脊柱侧弯

 

家长们很关心,小朋友中午喜欢趴在桌子上午休或者是拼桌子睡觉,这样会引起脊柱侧弯吗?小孩子的书包太重,会引起脊柱侧弯吗?彭焰副教授解释说,要注意辨别两个观念,一个是脊柱侧弯,一个是姿势不正。脊柱侧弯是病理性改变,脊柱在正位上来看,弯的角度超过10度。但在日常生活当中,人们往往把这个概念泛化了,所以很多人只要看到小朋友的姿势不对,就说他是脊柱侧弯,这当中可能存在一些交叉,但很多时候,我们见到的只是姿势不对,姿势不良。比如,有的小朋友含背或者颈椎有一个前凸,有的小孩子的两个肩胛骨好像翅膀一样,或者有的小孩子的肩膀一边高一边低,这种情况跟脊柱侧弯其实是完全不同的概念。

 

脊柱侧弯并不是这些日常的习惯导致的,它往往是由人体内在因素引起的,特发性是脊柱侧弯的发病的病例当中最多的,目前来讲它的病因还不确切,但是可能与以下因素有关:可能跟遗传有关,有的是先天性的,也可能和结缔组织病有关,比如,马凡综合征往往合并脊柱侧弯;神经系统异常也会出现脊柱侧弯,比如,有一些神经纤维瘤病,很大概率会出现脊柱侧弯;与骨骼发育不平衡也有关系,如果在发育的过程中,前面发育过快,而后面发育迟缓或者两边不对称,也有可能会导致脊柱侧弯。“通过长期的观察和研究发现,女孩子的脊柱侧弯的发病率要多于男孩子,所以会不会跟激素有关?这也是我们正在进行的研究。“彭焰副教授介绍道。对于脊柱侧弯,相信随着遗传学的检查,会慢慢把它的病因发现得越来越清楚,将来的治疗也会越来越精准。

 

所以,小朋友平时不良得坐姿和习惯会出现姿势不良,和脊柱侧弯是有不同的。姿势的不良,往往可以通过锻炼或者改善生活、工作和学习的姿势得到矫正。所以家长们不必过于担心。

 

 

尽早发现儿童脊柱侧弯:从头到脚观察;向前弯腰,鞠躬90度

 

家长如果够仔细的话,在外观上面就可以发现孩子的异常。首先,家长会发现小朋友的头不能处于我们平时看到的一个正中,出现了一个歪曲,摆向这边或摆向那边;出现了高低肩或者左右侧肩胛骨不一样高。再往下观察,严重的脊柱侧弯,家长可以看到小孩子的胸廓两边是不对称的,一边高一边低,肋骨的下缘两边凹陷的地方也不一样,骨盆也是一边高一边低。由于骨盆的倾斜,导致双下肢不等长,这些都是脊柱侧弯的表现。

 

那么所以家长们观察的顺序,可以从头颈、肩、胸、背、腰到下肢。还有一些很隐匿的脊柱侧弯,家长可以让小孩子做一个动作。站在患儿后面,然后让他向前90度的鞠躬。即使是隐匿的脊柱侧弯,在他往前弯腰的时候,也可以发现他的背或是腰两边不对称,可以看到他的脊柱出现了弯曲。便于我们更早期更精细地发现孩子的脊柱出现了问题,所以我们有两个方法,一个是从后背的一个从上到下的观察。第二个方法是孩子向前弯腰,鞠躬90度,家长从后面观察。这两种方法可以让家长们在家里就对孩子的脊柱健康情况做一个初步评估。

 

儿童脊柱侧弯矫正:40度以下无需手术,根据轻重程度随访和支具治疗

 

我们平时的所见到的脊柱侧弯,大部分都是40度以下的情况,一般40度以下的侧弯是不需要手术处理的。可以把这部分还不需要手术的脊柱侧弯分成三类,第一类10度~19度;第二类20度~29度;第三类30度~40度。第一类进展的可能性很小,所以一般的处理是,让患儿平时体育锻炼,改善轻度的姿势不正,定期随访。第二类,我们就要看看患儿生长潜能,如果这个小朋友是处于青春发育期的早期,那么,医生需要3-6个月进行一次随访。如果小朋友已经是十五六岁了,他的骨骼已经基本成熟的时候,医生可以半年到一年随访一次。如果在随访过程中,发现脊柱侧弯进展速度比较快,比如,半年进展了5度以上或者一年进展了10度以上,医生就需要给患儿采用支具治疗。对于第三类,无论患儿处于青春期的哪个阶段,医生都会推荐做支具的治疗,预防进一步发展。

 

  中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院脊柱外科彭焰副主任医师做客39健康  

 

医生简介:

 

 

彭焰医学博士 硕士研究生导师

广东省医学会脊柱外科分会青委会副主任委员

国际内固定协会AO SPINE 讲师

广东省医学会脊柱外科学分会畸形学组委员

中国残疾人康复协会康复专业委员会脊柱畸形学组委员

新加坡国立大学Honory Fellow

2002年中山大学临床医学七年制硕士毕业后留院工作,后获临床医学博士。2005年在新加坡国立大学脊柱外科接受脊柱外科专科培训一年,师从亚太骨科学会脊柱外科主委王其杰教授,重点学习胸腔镜治疗脊柱疾病特别是脊柱侧凸矫形技术。之后分别在日本名古屋大学、歧阜大学、香港大学玛丽医院、韩国、泰国、加拿大接受过临床培训。

擅长脊柱外科疾患如颈椎病、颈椎间盘突出症、颈椎后纵韧带钙化症、颈椎管狭窄症、颈椎外伤、颈椎脱位、不稳、颈椎肿瘤、颈性疼痛、眩晕、胸椎管狭窄症、胸椎肿瘤、腰椎间盘突出症、腰椎管狭窄症、腰椎滑脱症、腰椎骨折、腰椎肿瘤、脊柱畸形如侧凸、后凸等。

从事脊柱畸形临床及基础研究近20年,在脊柱畸形如青少年特发性脊柱侧凸、先天性脊柱侧凸、早发型脊柱侧凸、退变性脊柱侧凸有较丰富的经验。

长期担任大学本科生、8年制博士生、MBBS班大课中英文教学,全国实习生临床技能大赛教官,临床规培医生指导教师。曾获中山大学教学查房比赛一等奖,共同获得中山大学教学成果一等奖及广东省教学成果一等奖。主编《腰腿痛》、《腰椎间盘突出症》,参编《腰椎退变性疾病》、《腰椎微创手术学》,副主译《腰椎间盘退变性疾病新进展》等。主持及参与多项省、国家及科学基金及发表相关文章多篇。

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    2022-02-06 shirly.li19560809

    好文章

    0

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    2021-12-15 tsing_hit
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    2021-12-15 gous
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    2021-12-14 ms3000000098940767

    学习

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    2021-12-14 李晓娜 18211933709

    学习了

    0

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