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Cell:Sanger研究所新发现!70%的人类癌症细胞系中存在此种DNA突变特征!

2019-03-24 Michael 转化医学网

虽然当前的肿瘤的研究已经在癌症基因组中鉴定出了多个致癌性体细胞DNA突变。 但最新来自Wellcome Sanger研究所的研究者通过1001个人源癌细胞系和577个异种移植物的外显子组序列发现了最常见的致癌性体细胞DNA突变模式。

导  读

虽然当前的肿瘤的研究已经在癌症基因组中鉴定出了多个致癌性体细胞DNA突变。 但最新来自Wellcome Sanger研究所的研究者通过1001个人源癌细胞系和577个异种移植物的外显子组序列发现了最常见的致癌性体细胞DNA突变模式。研究者们发现,他们发现与称为APOBEC的DNA编辑蛋白相关的两个常见突变特征实际上在细胞系中随时间开启和关闭,这种现象称为“发作性突变”。尽管其反转录转座子动员可能对其损伤有所影响,但其损伤的起始因素尚不清楚。这项研究的最新结果发表于《Cell》杂志。

在细胞中发生的每一个起作用的基因突变过程都对基因组中遗留其突变特征。使用生物信息技术辅助已在数百种人类癌症类型的体细胞突变中发现超过40个碱基替换和10个基因组重排的突变特征。虽然目前对于大多数的体细胞突变过程有了较多的新认识。但许多问题由于涉及基因突变潜在机制的参与,仍需要实验模型才能更为彻底的了解。癌基因组的体细胞突变谱包含了细胞所有突变过程产生DNA突变的合集。通过对人类个体肿瘤发展的不同阶段的基因突变比较发现,一些基因突变会随着时间的推移而表现出不同的活跃程度。

所有癌症都是由DNA突变引起,这些突变在基因组中形成具有突变特征的“分子指纹”。目前已发现超过50种不同的突变特征,其中许多突变模式是由紫外线照射或吸烟等外部因素引起。然而,许多突变特征的起始原因尚不清楚,而研究此类突变特征的实验又极具挑战性。来自Wellcome Sanger研究所的研究人员研究了1001种人类癌细胞系和577种人类癌症移植物的基因组序列。在整个实验过程中,他们使用了目前已知的所有突变信号,并标注了每个癌症模型中存在哪种突变信号。同时研究者在特定细胞系中研究了每种突变模式是如何随着时间的推移在癌细胞中发生变化的。

他们发现当外部因素(如吸烟或紫外线)不存在时,由外部因素引起的突变特征在细胞系中停止产生,而与细胞内因子相关的突变特征却以稳定的速率持续产生。然而,令人惊讶的是,他们发现与APOBEC DNA编辑酶相关的两个常见突变特征在细胞系中随时间延续呈现开启或关闭状态,研究者将这种现象称为“发作性突变”。

APOBEC DNA编辑酶是先天免疫系统的一部分,其通过引起HIV等病毒突变来保护我们免受感染,因此其在病毒基因组中可遗留APOBEC突变特征。而此次研究者在超过70%的癌症类型中发现了与之相似的APOBEC突变特征。APOBEC DNA编辑酶的突变通常伴随炎症或者病毒感染,但研究人员使用的是细胞模型,同时确保不存在病毒感染,因此这两个原因并不能解释此次发现的APOBEC DNA编辑酶的突变,所以一定存在其他原因导致了这种突变的产生。

目前此项研究仅发现APOBEC DNA编辑酶的突变模式是随时间的推移而呈现开放或关闭状态,同时研究者表示尽管其APOBEC DNA编辑蛋白的反转录转座子动员可能对其突变有所影响,但这种突变的初始产生原因还不得而知。

来自Wellcome Sanger研究所的Mike Stratton教授表示,“人类癌细胞系中存在许多诱导癌症发生的突变过程。他们的研究结果将更好的追溯产生这些基因突变特征的真实来源”。

这一存在于70%肿瘤类型的内源性基因突变的发现是否会催生出新一代广谱抗肿瘤药物的产生还需要研究者进一步的细致研究,虽然目前并不明确其产生的主要原因,但此突变标记将有助于新抗肿瘤药物的开发。

原始出处:Petljak M1, Alexandrov LB2, Brammeld JS1, et al. Characterizing Mutational Signatures in Human Cancer Cell Lines Reveals Episodic APOBEC Mutagenesis. Cell. 2019 Mar 7;

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    2019-11-21 维他命
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