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黄海辉:移植患者常见多重耐药菌和真菌感染的防治策略

2018-01-17 宋慧敏 SIFIC2017全国感控年会

器官移植技术的发展为罹患器官功能衰竭患者带来了福音,我国公民逝世后器官捐献(DCD)逐渐成为实体器官移植(solidorgantransplantation,SOT)重要器官来源。移植后感染是导致术后移植物功能丧失、受者死亡的重要原因之一,术后1年内受者死亡的因素中,移植后感染占30.9%,居于首位。

器官移植技术的发展为罹患器官功能衰竭患者带来了福音,我国公民逝世后器官捐献(DCD)逐渐成为实体器官移植(solidorgantransplantation,SOT)重要器官来源。移植后感染是导致术后移植物功能丧失、受者死亡的重要原因之一,术后1年内受者死亡的因素中,移植后感染占30.9%,居于首位。那么供给者与受体者双方的感染防控工作至关重要,尤其发生感染多重耐药菌或真菌有哪些防治策略呢?听听来自复旦大学华山医院抗生素研究所黄海辉教授经验分享。

多重耐药菌感染的防治策略

供给者感染常见的多重耐药菌

革兰氏阳性菌:MRSA、VRE。

革兰氏阴性菌:多重耐药的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌等。由于肺炎克雷伯菌的致病性强且耐药机制多种多样,应重点关注。

供给者感染选择抗菌药物需要考虑的因素

a. 移植器官及血培养阳性需要预防用药,围手术期用药根据药敏结果调整。

b. 器官保存液是否需做培养是有争议的。

c.体外药敏试验、 移植器官的局部浓度、给药途径、药物相互作用、不良反应、经济问题。

供给者感染耐药菌常选用的抗菌药物

与普通患者感染多重耐药菌治疗是基本一致的。如MRSA选用万古霉素、VRE选用利奈唑胺等,CR-肠杆菌科细菌感染选择多粘菌素、替加环素、氨基糖甙类(敏感)、大剂量延长输注时间使用碳青霉烯类(MIC≤8mg/L)、磷霉素等,两药联合或者多药物联合。

特别强调选择以下几种抗菌药物时的注意事项:



真菌感染防治策略

真菌感染常选用的抗真菌治疗策略

(1)真菌感染中常见的是念珠菌

a.其治疗需要根据不同移植受者选择治疗策略



(2)曲霉菌

a.移植后真菌感染中位列第一,但在供者来源感染很少见,一旦感染首选伏立康唑。

b.许多肺移植中心术后常规预防用抗曲霉药物。

c.另外一些中心仅对有IPA额外危险因素的受者进行预防。

(3)隐球菌

a.罕见,一旦发现应用氟康唑预防。

b.病例报道:供者无症状肺隐球菌病感染,受者治疗3月有效。



免疫抑制剂的应用

免疫抑制剂与抗菌药物的相互作用

使用免疫抑制剂时,应选择其他氟喹诺酮类药物来替代氧氟沙星。

大环内酯类抗菌药物中的红霉素和克拉霉素尽量避免使用,一旦使用需要监测免疫抑制剂的功能。

氨基糖苷类药物中的庆大霉素、妥布霉素有很大的肾毒性,应避免用药或谨慎用药,需要监测肾功能。

免疫抑制剂与抗真菌药物的相互作用

伏立康唑、伯沙康唑在使用过程中需要监测免疫抑制剂的功能。

使用免疫抑制剂时可使氟康唑的肾毒性增加。

延伸阅读

在SOT受者中,侵袭性真菌病(invasivefugaldisease,IFD)已成为致病和死亡的重要原因。近年来,由于新型免疫抑制剂及各种预防策略的应用,SOT后真菌感染模式已发生显着变化,真菌的耐药性增加了临床治疗难度,严重影响了受者的预后。国内及欧美流行病学研究显示,IFD的发生率依据移植器官的种类和免疫抑制程度、各移植中心的环境以及预防性药物的使用情况等因素而不尽相同。目前缺少快速、特异性诊断IFD的手段,临床上难以获得病原学证据,诊断困难,因此对于SOT供、受者,需采用有效的防治措施,积极预防和早期治疗是降低受者死亡率,改善预后的关键。

--摘自 《米卡芬净在实体器官移植供、受者真菌感染防治中的临床应用专家共识

感   悟

移植患者一旦发生细菌真菌等感染,通常采取积极防治策略,选择的抗菌药物是特殊级抗菌药物,这就需要临床药师进行会诊,如何针对细菌耐药机制不同而选择合理有效的抗菌药物,对于提高感染诊治能力,降低细菌耐药的产生,是所有临床医生迫在眉睫的问题,也是一条艰辛之路,它需要我们的共同努力!

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    2018-01-19 zhaojie88
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    2018-01-17 hhh678

    henhao

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