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肺癌EGFR靶向药超全梳理,用法和不良反应一文掌握

2022-03-20 腿腿 MedSci原创

全部总结一、二、三、四代EGFR靶向药。

肺癌是全球癌症相关死亡的主要原因,总体五年生存率约为15%[1]。非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)约占所有肺癌的75-80%[2]。当肿瘤局限于肺部并且区域淋巴结扩散最小时,最有效的治疗方法是手术。然而,约70% 的患者在诊断时表现为局部晚期或转移性疾病,不符合手术切除的条件。铂类化疗是晚期或复发性非小细胞肺癌的标准治疗方法,目前,患者反应率大约为30-40%。

然而,患者对化疗药物耐药性的产生,导致中位生存期仅为8至10个月[3]。此外,30-60%接受治愈性手术的早期疾病患者发生复发[4,5]因此,对于晚期或复发性非小细胞肺癌,需要更有效的治疗方法。
 
表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)是一种具有细胞质激酶活性的跨膜蛋白,可将重要的生长因子信号从细胞外环境转导到细胞。鉴于超过60%的非小细胞肺癌(NSCLCs)表达EGFR,EGFR已成为治疗这些肿瘤的重要治疗靶点。在EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)厄洛替尼(OSI-774或Tarceva®)和吉非替尼(ZD1839或易瑞沙®)的I期和II期试验中,报告了对一种或多种化疗方案表现出耐药性的约10%患者的显着反应。
 
本文,我们主要讨论作用于EGFR靶点的治疗非小细胞肺癌的药物的主要特点。
EGFR靶点特点:
 

1、45-50% 为Exon 19删除, 40%为Exon 21 L858R点突变

2、发病率: 白人10-15%, 亚洲人20-30%;

3、人群分布: 主要集中在非吸烟腺癌患者;

4、形成新的 T790M基因突变;

5、癌症类型转变: 在使用TKI药物的EGFR突变患者这可能会出现组织学转变,即非小细胞肺癌转变为小细胞肺癌;

6、免疫治疗通常对EGFR突变的患者无效。

 

目前的多数上市的EGFR靶向药物主要分为三代,我们依次对每代进行作用特点,用法用量不良反应,建议等方面的总结。第四代EGFR多为暂未上市的药物,我们会对能够有希望克服T790M突变的药物进行总结。
第一代EGFR靶向药物:2014-2015年出现。
 
图片
除此之外,厄洛替尼  还联合VEGF共同治疗非小细胞肺癌。
图片
第二代EGFR靶向药物:2018年出现。
 
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第三代EGFR靶向药物:2018年出现。
 
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T790M突变:据报道,EGFR T790M突变是对某些第三代抑制剂例如奥希替尼耐药性的主要机制,也似乎是克服对第三代抑制剂的获得性耐药性的理想靶点[6](本文参考文献6作出以下总结)
 
图片
图片
 
目前可能有机会克服以上突变的第三代EGFR/TKI。
 
(1) Alflutinib(AST2818) (已在中国获得批准)
 
Alflutinib (AST2818)是第三代EGFR 抑制剂,可将 EGFR 与敏感突变和 EGFR 与 T790M- 介导的获得性耐药性突变相提并论。临床前研究表明,10和30 mg/kg Alflutinib组和10 mg/kg奥西替尼组对肿瘤生长的平均抑制分别为87%,100%和97%(数据未发表)。在大鼠和狗中,安全性和耐受性优于奥西替尼,并且Alflutinib可以穿透血脑屏障(数据未发表)[7]
 
一项 1 期临床研究(NCT02973763)招募了12 名具有 EGFR T790M 突变的 NSCLC 患者,以确定Alflutinib 的安全性和抗肿瘤活性。12例患者的ORR为58.3%,DCR为91.7%。值得注意的是,在20mg队列中观察到持续的肿瘤消退,并且在80mg队列中的一名患者中,肺肿瘤在2个治疗周期后完全消失,并且这种效果持续了8个治疗周期。药代动力学数据显示,与其他EGFR抑制剂相比,Alflutinib 具有优越的剂量暴露线性关系和更好的药代动力学参数,符合每日一次的给药条件[8]
 
随着 Alflutinib 临床试验的扩大,共招募了96例EGFR T790M突变的NSCLC患者,DCR和ORR值分别为95%和66.7%。17例脑转移患者中,病灶完全消失2例,病灶明显减少7例,病灶稳定8例,无前激反应。最佳颅内ORR为53%,所有患者颅内病灶平均减少42%。根据独立放射学审查委员会的评估,在116例患者的剂量扩展研究中,总体ORR为76.7%(116例中的89例),DCR为82.8%(116例中的96例)。此外,中枢神经系统转移患者的ORR为70.6%(17人中的12人)。
 
在IIb期、多中心、单组研究(ALSC003、NCT03452592)中,Alflutinib 在EGFR T790M突变NSCLC患者中分别达到ORR和mpFS分别为73.6%和7.6个月,6周和12周时DCR估计分别为87.3%和82.3%[9]。根据NextMed数据库的最新数据,所有220例局部晚期或转移性NSCLC患者,在第一/第二代EGFR-TKI治疗后有进展或内在T790M突变,接受Alflutinib ,显示ORR为74.1%,mPFS为9.6个月。这些结果相当于osimertinib的功效。
 
总而言之,Alflutinib是一种有前途的第三代EGFR抑制剂,靶向T790M突变,并已在中国获得批准。
 
(2) Lazertinib(YH25448)(目前处于3期临床试验- NCT04248829)
 
Lazertinib(YH25448)是一种活性化合物,与osimertinib相比,它在临床前模型研究中具有明显的优势。Lazertinib在激酶测定中显示出比osimertinib更高的选择性和效力,并且在具有H1975细胞的异种移植模型中以 3mg/kg 的剂量给药13天后,肿瘤抑制率为86.85%,而osimertinib组为7.24%。与osimertinib相比,lazertinib在EGFR突变脑转移模型中具有更好的治疗效果和更高的血脑屏障渗透率,可以有效治疗肺癌的转移性脑肿瘤。此外,拉替尼的皮肤毒性发生率也低于奥西替尼[10,11]。根据2018年美国临床肿瘤学会(ASCO)会议详述的数据,76名T790M阳性患者的客观反应率(ORR)为67%;9例脑转移患者的颅内ORR为56%。
 
在一项临床 1/2 期试验(NCT03046992)中,lazertinib通过剂量递增、剂量扩展和剂量延长试验以及有希望的临床活性,获得了可耐受的安全性。EGFR T790M阳性NSCLC患者达到57%的ORR(62/108)[12]。事实上,40mg 拉泽尔替尼治疗经历过全身进展(包括脑转移)的EGFR del19/T790M 突变型肺腺癌患者,颅内肿瘤减少了49.3%,颅外肿瘤减少了12.7%[10]
 
总之,拉泽尔替尼是一种有前途的第三代EGFR抑制剂,特别是考虑到其全身和颅内抗肿瘤活性,其可能比目前批准的 osimertinib更有效和更好的耐受性。
 
(3) Abivertinib(AC0010)
 
Abivertinib(AC0010)是一种不可逆的EGFR抑制剂,在ATP结合袋中与C797形成共价键。它选择性地获得EGFR激活和T790M突变[13]。在H1975和HCC827细胞中,AC0010 可以抑制 EGFR-Y1068 及其下游分子AKT和细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK1/2)的磷酸化。口服 AC0010,每天500mg/kg,在异种移植模型中,EGFR L858R /T790M突变的肿瘤完全缓解超过143天。尚未发现动物模型中的脱靶效应和皮肤病变[14]
 
在一项剂量递增和扩张1/2期研究中,124名可评估的T790M阳性NSCLC患者分别获得了ORR和DCR 44%和85%。在大剂量 300mg 每日两次队列中,共治疗了32例患者,ORR和DCR分别为53%和90%[15,16]。7名脑转移患者的颅内PFS中位为142天。对5例脑转移患者血液和脑脊液的分析表明,血脑屏障渗透率仅为0.046-0.146%。根据安全性数据,接受阿比替尼治疗的受试者报告的不良事件主要是1级或2级事件[17,18]
 
阿比替尼治疗T790M阳性NSCLCs的II期临床研究在2019年美国临床肿瘤学会(ASCO)会议上宣布。在用推荐剂量的Abivertinib (300mg每日两次)治疗的200多名受试者中,90%的病变明显减少,ORR为52.2%,DCR为88.0%,中位DOR为7.6个月。
 
BPI-7711的剂量递增临床1期试验(NCT03386955)数据在2019年北美肺癌会议(NACLC)会议上公布。共评估了128例T790M阳性NSCLC患者;所有患者的ORR为63.3%,DCR为93.8%。180 mg队列的ORR和DCR分别为73.1%和96.2%。此外,在180 mg队列中,51名脑转移患者也显示出非常好的效果,ORR和DCR分别为44%和100%。因此,II期试验中患者的推荐剂量为180mg,每天一次。
目前可能有机会克服以上突变的第四代EGFR/TKI 如正在临床试验中。
 
TQB3804 等
 
TQB3804在2019年美国癌症研究协会(AACR)年会上首次展示,并被证明不仅可以克服两种常见的三重突变(del19/ T790M / C797S和L858R / T790M/ C797S,IC50<1nM),从而导致第三代EGFR-TKI耐药性,而且比其他EGFR-TKI更有效地抑制EGFR T790M突变。在使用Ba/F3(EGFRdel746-750 / T790M / C797S)细胞的细胞系衍生异种移植(CDX)模型中,TQB3804抑制p-EGFR,p-AKT和p-ERK,表明肿瘤生长抑制是通过靶向三重突变EGFR发生的。TQB3804已正式进入I期临床研究(NCT04128085),有望成为首个克服EGFR C797S突变介导耐药性的第4代EGFR靶向抑制剂[19]
以下为有望上市的第四代 EGFR-TKIs的发展阶段
 
图片
对全部EGFR靶向药物的建议:
 
1、多数建议空腹服用
2、痤疮样皮疹预防使用保湿药膏+温水洗脸+防晒+ 四环素(多西四环素100mg 一天两次或米诺环素100mg一天一次);
3、痤疮样皮疹治疗:

轻症: 甲硝唑膏剂;

中-重:四环素;

止痒: 抗组胺药物等。

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#插入话题
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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1840644, encodeId=6d961840644ef, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9401204912f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不良反应#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20491, encryptionId=9401204912f, topicName=不良反应)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e76f39, createdName=smartjoy, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 16:48:39 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1534624, encodeId=bf6815346246c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=22b3e9887e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#GFR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7988, encryptionId=22b3e9887e, topicName=GFR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0a812532020, createdName=liuyiping, createdTime=Tue Mar 22 08:48:39 CST 2022, time=2022-03-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1204522, encodeId=72fa1204522f4, content=感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e49c6562548, createdName=ms8000000275965675, createdTime=Mon Mar 21 07:57:18 CST 2022, time=2022-03-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1204478, encodeId=f8f412044e8fd, content=学习了,感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220313/1fccd8869aca4c2bbabb274c6aada833/8cdb5c5762b54b208703fcac43dcca47.jpg, createdBy=872f5678021, createdName=jing0309, createdTime=Sun Mar 20 22:59:02 CST 2022, time=2022-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-03-22 liuyiping
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1840644, encodeId=6d961840644ef, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9401204912f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不良反应#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20491, encryptionId=9401204912f, topicName=不良反应)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e76f39, createdName=smartjoy, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 16:48:39 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1534624, encodeId=bf6815346246c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=22b3e9887e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#GFR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7988, encryptionId=22b3e9887e, topicName=GFR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0a812532020, createdName=liuyiping, createdTime=Tue Mar 22 08:48:39 CST 2022, time=2022-03-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1204522, encodeId=72fa1204522f4, content=感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e49c6562548, createdName=ms8000000275965675, createdTime=Mon Mar 21 07:57:18 CST 2022, time=2022-03-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1204478, encodeId=f8f412044e8fd, content=学习了,感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220313/1fccd8869aca4c2bbabb274c6aada833/8cdb5c5762b54b208703fcac43dcca47.jpg, createdBy=872f5678021, createdName=jing0309, createdTime=Sun Mar 20 22:59:02 CST 2022, time=2022-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-03-21 ms8000000275965675

    感谢分享

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1840644, encodeId=6d961840644ef, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9401204912f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不良反应#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20491, encryptionId=9401204912f, topicName=不良反应)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e76f39, createdName=smartjoy, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 16:48:39 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1534624, encodeId=bf6815346246c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=22b3e9887e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#GFR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7988, encryptionId=22b3e9887e, topicName=GFR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0a812532020, createdName=liuyiping, createdTime=Tue Mar 22 08:48:39 CST 2022, time=2022-03-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1204522, encodeId=72fa1204522f4, content=感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e49c6562548, createdName=ms8000000275965675, createdTime=Mon Mar 21 07:57:18 CST 2022, time=2022-03-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1204478, encodeId=f8f412044e8fd, content=学习了,感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220313/1fccd8869aca4c2bbabb274c6aada833/8cdb5c5762b54b208703fcac43dcca47.jpg, createdBy=872f5678021, createdName=jing0309, createdTime=Sun Mar 20 22:59:02 CST 2022, time=2022-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-03-20 jing0309

    学习了,感谢分享

    0

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