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医疗事故罪一定要慎用!复旦教授谈李建雪被判有罪

2018-01-22 高解春 医学界

近日,福建“李建雪医疗事故罪”案件成为医界热点。

6年前,产妇陈某在福建长乐市医院顺产后死亡,省市二级医学鉴定为一级甲等医疗事故,责任医师李建雪被吊销医师执照、开除党籍、取保候审,长乐市人民检察院以“医疗事故罪”向人民法院提起公诉。

历时6年,全国两会也曾有全国政协委员呼吁“停止这起针对医生的刑罚”,2017年此案不公开庭审,辩护律师、中国医院协会法律事务部主任邓利强用“莫大悲哀”形容自己心情,大声试问:“如果每位患者死亡都要医生承担刑事责任的话,谁还愿意做医生?”此案庭审的专家证人、广州重症孕妇救治中心主任陈敦金也在安慰死者父亲的同时,认为“本起案件不应追溯医生的刑事责任”。历时6年,一波三折,最后一审判决李建雪“犯医疗事故罪,免于刑事处罚”,尽管最后结果折衷,但我们对医疗事故罪的立法完善和应用原则必须有足够的重视和正确引导。

医疗纠纷的合理解决,是一个世界性难题。医疗纠纷的处理,不仅涉及到患者的生命健康和合法权益,也涉及对医疗机构和医生的重大利益。在最大限度地保护弱势群体患者的合法权益与促进医学研究、保护医务人员权益之间找到一个合法、合理、可行的平衡点,是医学界、法学界和社会的共同课题。

我国现行医疗事故处理的法律法规体系,主要以《医疗事故处理条例》《民法通则》《侵权法》为依据,由患者及其家属起诉医院,而不直接起诉医生;以认定医疗机构侵权责任、向患者赔付医疗损害赔款、保证医院和医师正常业务开展、加强医院管理责任为主要法律适用。

1997年,我国《刑法》第一次引入医疗事故罪,《刑法》335条规定“医务人员由于严重不负责任,造成就诊人死亡或严重损害就诊人身体健康的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。”医疗事故罪的设立,曾被人称为是规范医疗行为、保护人民健康权益的一大进步,但其实施过程,从河北的苏顺英案到这次福建李建雪案的反响,折射出其立法完善和执法慎重的亟待。

按照《刑法》医疗事故罪对医疗事故直接责任人进行刑事追究,是一个在国内外一直有争议和执法定夺难以掌握的难题。《刑法》中有关医疗故意犯罪,即以医疗为手段故意杀人或侵害患者权益,应当受到法律制裁,界定和处罚均无异议。争论的焦点是医疗过失犯罪的界定和处理,罪与非罪的界定,即医疗事故犯罪与一般的医疗事故、医疗差错、医疗意外的界定,其次是医疗事故罪与刑事犯罪中的较大责任事故、玩忽职守罪、过失致人死亡或重伤罪的界定。国际上,英美法系常无医疗事故罪,以侵权法理、损害赔偿为医疗纠纷解决的主要方法,对刑法适用医疗纠纷持否定态度的基本依据就是因为医疗过失责任人往往本身主观是为了抢救生命,治疗疾病,而医疗行为本身就有许多风险性、个体差异性和不可预见性。另外,我国医生多是医院雇员,非独立法人,《刑法》医疗事故罪和《医疗事故处理条例》、《侵权法》、《民法》的最大区别是前者是由司法机关直接对当事医务人员进行法律追究,而后者是对法人,即医院进行追究,二者的差别对医生执业风险的影响很大。因此,我国《刑法》医疗事故罪的立法完善任重道远。

一旦启动刑法医疗事故罪的法律追究,由于《刑法》335条的表述“严重不负责任”的概念模糊,自由裁量度过大,而一旦定罪,只有三年以下徒刑和拘役的单一刑种,而医疗事故罪又是以“医务人员”的特定执业身份犯,在其执法定罪上应该十分严谨。

为此,最高检、公安部关于医疗事故罪立案追述标准56条曾明确规定:“具有下列情形之一的,属于条例规定的‘严重不负责任’:

①擅离岗位;
②无正当理由拒绝对危重就诊人进行必要的医疗救治的;
③未经批准擅自开展试验性医疗的;
④严重违反查对、复核制度的;
⑤使用未经批准使用的药品、消毒药剂、医疗器械的;
⑥严重违反国家法律法规即有明确规定诊疗技术规定、常规的;
⑦其它严重不负责任的情形。”

上述表述,除了6、7条界定难度较大,1~5条都是主观恶意,明显的责任事故。我国医疗事故罪15例分析,80%的有罪认定中,几乎都是此类情形。但在李建雪案的立案和定罪及其引起的反响,提示司法部门在医疗事故罪的实施中仍有许多值得商榷之处。国外以德国为代表的大陆法系,亦有刑法的医疗事故罪,但顾及医疗行为的特殊性和对医生不利的判决可能对医学发展的影响,所以在执法上显得十分慎重,绝大多数仍通过医疗事故调解、确定医生责任和确定赔偿金额。著名法官丹宁尼明确表示:对一名医生提出的过失控告比对一名驾驶员提出过失控告应当更为严肃、慎重。

李建雪医疗事故罪案及其引起的反响,提示医疗事故罪的立法完善和执法慎重,涉及到患者弱势群体权益保护与医院从事风险性医疗探索的矛盾;医疗行为的特殊性和民事赔偿制度一致性的冲突。司法机关在选择法律适用时应充分考虑法律承担主体对医务人员医疗行为和医学发展的潜在影响,同时兼顾患者损害的赔偿和精神安抚效果。更为紧迫的是在医疗事故罪的立法完善和执法严谨上的法律法规体系建设和司法制度上的进步。

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    2018-03-23 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了.谢谢作者分享!

    0

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    2018-01-24 saikp

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