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实用知识:冠脉介入术后常见5大并发症及处理

2022-04-26 ICU护理之家 ICU护理之家

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冠脉介入治疗可以改善患者的症状,明显降低患者的心肌梗死发生率及死亡率,目前已经成为治疗冠心病的重要手段。但PCI是一种有创性检查及治疗手段,术中及术后可能会发生各种并发症,若不能及时发现及干预,可能会影响患者的预后,甚至危及生命。今天我们一起来看一下冠脉介入术后常见的5大致命并发症以及相应的处理办法。
 
一 术后支架内血栓形成
 
支架内血栓形成是一个灾难性的并发症。中国多中心药物洗脱支架急性或亚急性血栓的调查显示,支架术后的血栓并发症是导致术后死亡的主要因素:血栓并发症死亡者占药物支架所有死因的67.5%;裸支架所有死因的66.3%。根据介入手术后到血栓发生的时间分为急性血栓形成(术后24小时内)和亚急性血栓形成(术后1-30天内)
 
支架内血栓形成的原因主要有以下几个方面:
 
1、患者或病变因素:分叉病变双支架置入、弥漫性长病变(>33mm)、ACS、合并糖尿病、高脂血症、心功能不全、低血容量、抗血小板不充分。
 
2、操作相关因素:支架扩张不良。
 
3、支架相关因素:小直径支架(直径≤2.5mm支架);长支架。PCI术后引发的急性低血压如在10min或数十分钟内动脉血压未恢复正常(平均动脉压≤80.5mmHg),冠状动脉灌注压明显下降,血流缓慢,极易导致在球囊扩张部位及支架放置部位出现急性或亚急性血栓形成。
 
4、亚急性支架血栓形成(SST):多发生在支架植入后2~14d。
 
如何应对支架内血栓?
 
严密监护心悸、疼痛等心绞痛症状及心电图S-T、T的变化。术后病人出现胸痛或其它不适时均应立即查心电图。术后应维持良好血压,保证有效的血容量,对预防支架内血栓具有重要意义。
 
资料显示大多数亚急性支架内血栓发生于凌晨及上午,提示低血容量、血液粘稠是PCI术后患者支架内亚急性血栓形成的重要诱因。应强化抗凝和抗血小板治疗,给予氯吡格雷、阿斯匹林和GPIIb/IIIa受体拮抗剂三重抗血小板治疗
 
二 假性动脉瘤
 
假性动脉瘤的产生主要是由于穿刺过程中存在着反复穿刺,使邻近的动脉血管受损;压迫止血部位不当或不完全;患者患肢未能完全制动,活动过早引起动脉瘤。
 
虽然较小的股动脉假性动脉瘤有可能自然愈合,但由于股动脉与假性动脉瘤之间存在着较大的压力差,假性动脉瘤有进一步扩大和破裂的危险,因此一旦诊断明确,仍应早期治疗。
 
加压包扎对假性动脉瘤的效果
 
图片
 
假性动脉瘤体积过大、瘤颈部宽度较宽、瘤颈部长度较短、瘤腔离体表较远及抗凝药物抗血小板药物的使用等,压迫治疗假性动脉瘤难以奏效。
 
目前国外许多医疗机构已将超声引导下注射凝血酶治疗作为股动脉假性动脉瘤的首选方法。超声引导下瘤腔内注射凝血酶治疗动脉假性动脉瘤是目前治疗此病的最佳方法之一,治愈率达96%,明显高于超声引导下加压治疗,且瘤腔内血栓形成时间也明显缩短,瘤腔内血栓形成时间平均仅为6s。需绝对卧床休息,患肢伸直制动2小时。
 
三 术后低血压
 
低血压定义为:血压低于90/60mmHg或收缩压较治疗前下降30mmHg以上。对于高血压,高龄,极低心功能患者,须认真对照其基础血压及脉压,综合分析整体状况,准确判断早期低血压。
 
冠心病介入诊疗术后低血压发生的原因如下!
 
1、血容量不足
 
血容量不足是导致低血压和休克的主要原因之一,由于患者术前精神紧张,出汗多进食少,入液量少,术中、术后失血,血肿以及造影剂致高渗性利尿,造成有效循环血量减少,手术应激等造成机体体液丢失,而引起血容量不足导致低血压和休克。
 
低血容量是急诊PCI术后发生低血压和休克的主要原因,而且多发生于术后4小时之内。PCI术后常需肝素化抗凝,抗凝过程中,穿刺部位出血引起的低血压不难鉴别,在重新加压包扎、输液扩容后均能迅速好转,值得注意的是其他部位出血不易察觉,如腹膜后血肿,消化道出血,血胸等。(血红蛋白呈进行性下降)。
 
2、血管迷走反射
 
血管迷走反射是引起低血压和休克的又一常见原因。主要表现在下面三个方面:
 
① 拔管综合征
 
② 精神紧张
 
③胃肠道及膀胱压力改变:术后1次大量饮水,可使胃肠道突然扩张,或因术后  尿潴留致膀胱压力改变,刺激压力感受器(压力感受器传入神经行走于迷走神经),引起迷走神经兴奋,导致迷走反射,引起血压下降。
 
3、血管活性药物的使用
 
接受心血管介入治疗的患者术前、术中及术后由于心绞痛发作使用硝酸酯类、钙离子拮抗剂、镁极化液类药物可引起血压下降。因这些药物在扩张冠脉缓解心绞痛的同时也扩张了周围血管使血管扩张,,回心血量减少而导致低血压和休克。
 
4、再灌注损伤
 
缺血/再灌注损伤可以导致心肌微循环障碍,加重缺血心肌损害,使左室收缩功能障碍,发生严重心律紊乱,引起急性低血压。
 
再灌注损伤经多巴胺维持血压、补液、FDP(1,6一二磷酸果糖)营养心肌,低分子肝素抗凝等治疗。
 
FDP能改善心源性休克的血液动力学指标,在急性心肌梗死以及冠脉搭桥术 (CABG)中的使用也提示其有较好的抗缺血再灌注损伤的作用。
 
5、急性冠脉支架内血栓形成
 
由于PCI围手术期抗凝不足,或操作者缺乏经验和选择器械不当,以及患者本身高凝体质等因素,发生支架内急性血栓形成,导致心肌梗塞、心源性休克,使血压下降。
 
6、心包填塞
 
由于选用球囊直径过大,充盈压力过高致冠状动脉破裂或由于导丝操作不当穿破血管壁,出现心包填塞,左室舒张功能受限,循环血量减少,导致低血压发生。
 
7、其它
 
心律失常、心功能不全等。缓慢或快速心律失常及心功能不全均可引起心脏血液动力学紊乱,导致低血压,并常发生在闭塞血管的PCI之后,特别是右冠动脉。
 
如何应对术后低血压?
 
1、术后前4小时内慎用利尿剂,如果利尿剂用量较大,补充液体又不够充分,则容易发生低血压和休克。
 
2、术后输液晶体与胶体之比应为2:1,24小时总量应根据患者心功能状况与术中造影剂用量而定。血容量不足的情况更易出现于术后4小时之内,因此,建议在术后4小时内输液量达到24小时输液总量的1/3。尤其是1小时内,在观察到尿量正常、心功能好的情况下可快速补充液体300-500ml。
 
3、术后排尿困难者及时处理,行导尿时1次放尿应<500ml。为使造影剂尽快排出,术后3h尿量达800ml为标准。
 
4、术后30min至3h,恶心常为低血压或休克先兆,要检查有无腹膜后出血、穿刺部位内出血。
 
5、术后4h时护理最关键的时期,术后4h内应30min测血压1次。
 
四 术后心律失常
 
再灌注心律失常的发生与冠脉闭塞后心肌缺血时间的长短有着一定的关系,6h内恢复梗死相关血管血流者再灌注心律失常发生率显著高于6h以上开通者。
 
多支血管病变者再灌注性心律失常发生率高于单支血管病变者;前降支梗死发生再灌注性心律失常以快速型再灌注心律失常为主,易出现室性心律失常,如室性早搏、室性心动过速、心室颤动;而右冠状动脉、左回旋支梗死者再灌注性心律失常以缓慢型再灌注心律失常为主,如窦性心动过缓、窦性停搏、房室传导阻滞。
 
如何应对术后心律失常?
 
1、下壁心肌梗死患者如心电图已提示窦缓、窦性静止、窦房阻滞、Ⅱ度以上房室传导阻滞时,应在术前安装临时起搏器保护;
 
2、术前、术中密切观察血压,保持收缩压在90mmHg以上,有利于冠脉灌注;
 
3、术前有室性心律失常者,应给予胺碘酮静脉滴注,同时配备除颤器,以利及时除颤复律;术中曾发生再灌注性心律失常者,应待病情稳定后再护送至监护病房观察;术前应及时纠正电解质紊乱,如补钾、补镁。
 
五 术后肺栓塞
 
术后肺栓塞的相关因素包括这几个方面:术后止血对静脉的压迫;术后肢体制动;卧床等
 
如何应对术后肺栓塞?
 
1、术前术中术后低分子肝素皮下注射;
 
2、下肢深静脉血栓形成高危患者可采用桡动脉入路。
 
3、因为出血而延长下肢制动时间,则应定时按摩下肢并嘱患者做下肢肌肉原位 收缩动作,促进静脉血液回流。

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    2022-12-05 丁鹏鹏
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    2022-06-20 1690024190_79993671

    棒 学习了

    0

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    2022-05-11 江南小护士

    学习了

    0

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    2022-04-26 120d521dm50暂无昵称

    要点总结,实用!

    0

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    2022-04-26 屋顶瞄爱赏月

    学习了

    0

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