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Oncologist:顺铂药烈能伤肾,水化补镁有推荐——顺铂造成的肾毒性预防方法系统性综述

2017-05-08 王东亮 肿瘤资讯

在当前阶段,顺铂在多种肿瘤治疗中的地位仍非常重要,但对于其肾脏功能损害的预防方式却缺乏确证推荐。本文查阅了多项研究,就顺铂的水化及补充治疗给出了推荐性意见,希望可以在临床中对患者的治疗给予一定的帮助。

在当前阶段,顺铂在多种肿瘤治疗中的地位仍非常重要,但对于其肾脏功能损害的预防方式却缺乏确证推荐。本文查阅了多项研究,就顺铂的水化及补充治疗给出了推荐性意见,希望可以在临床中对患者的治疗给予一定的帮助。

顺铂(化学名,顺式二氯二氨合铂)是以二价铂同两个氯原子和两个氨分子结合的重金属络合物,类似于烷化剂的作用,可抑制细胞DNA的复制过程,是抗肿瘤药物中的基石药物。以顺铂为主的诸多化疗方案可以延长很多晚期肿瘤患者的生存期,并可以提升一些患者术后治愈率的可能。顺铂主要聚集在肾脏的近曲小管而代谢,当聚集量过大时可导致肾毒性,一般只可应用于肌酐清除率>60mL/min的患者。所以,无论患者接受的是单次常规剂量(50-75mg/m2)还是连续多日单次小剂量(每日15-20mg/m2),都会有发生中到重度肾脏毒性的可能。在临床实践中,大约有三分之一的患者接受顺铂治疗时都会在治疗后10天左右遭受肾功能损伤。水化可以有效稀释顺铂在肾脏的浓度及缩短顺铂在近曲小管的聚集时间,进而降低顺铂的肾毒性发生几率。并且,顺铂可以导致电解质丢失(以镁丢失为主),而补充镁可以降低肾脏损伤。由于顺铂水化的方案缺乏有效证据,所以水化方案在当前阶段处于“百花齐放”阶段,本研究针对临床研究中顺铂保护肾脏的水化及补充治疗方案进行文献综述,期望可以为患者的治疗提供帮助。

方法

研究者选取水化方案、水化联合其他治疗方案和/或水化联合利尿方案等研究作为纳入标准,排除动物研究,综述及主要研究终点非降低顺铂肾毒性的临床研究,检索时间跨度为1966年至2015年10月,检索范围为MEDLINE/PubMed及EMBASE数据库。

结果

研究者在MEDLINE/PubMed及EMBASE数据库中检索到了1407项研究。在最终纳入的24项研究中,从研究设计、肿瘤类型、顺铂剂量、水化方式(预处理,与顺铂同时进行,顺铂后水化),补充治疗,水化的具体液体及利尿剂选择等等跨度极大,其中肺癌、头颈部肿瘤及妇科肿瘤占了约42%(10/24)的比例。分别有21项及8项研究关注的是顺铂剂量>50mg/m2及>100mg/m2的水化作用,总计水化的剂量范围为1-6升不等。只有4项研究在水化时未给予利尿剂。而各项研究对神脏毒性的定义也差别较大,有9项研究参考的是CTCAE4.0标准,而有5项研究参考的是患者应用顺铂后的肌酐清除率变化。有14项研究前瞻性地评估了水化对顺铂肾毒性的作用,但只有4项研究质量较高(例如Ⅱ期、随机、安慰剂为对照的临床研究)。

总计有5项研究观察门诊患者的短期水化预防顺铂肾毒性的安全性及有效性,结论显示对于接受中到高剂量顺铂治疗的门诊患者,短期水化安全有效。另有Lavole等回顾性分析,357名肺癌门诊患者,接受的顺铂剂量>75mg/m2,在接受了6小时 2.25L的水化后,仅有21名及1名患者经历了1级及2级以上的肾脏毒性。

有4项研究关注了低容量水化方案是否可以有效预防门诊患者顺铂肾毒性。在这些小样本研究中(n=26至46),患者接受950ml-2.25L的水化方案,2级以上的肾脏毒性仅发生1例,1级以上的肾脏毒性发生几率也仅发生5例,体现了较好的预防效果。

有4项研究关注了水化方案联合镁剂是否可以有效保护肾脏,在这几项研究中,研究者观察到的镁剂的保护作用并不确定。有一项回顾性研究(n=496)观察到了镁可以显着降低2级以上肾毒性的发生概率,多因素分析结果也支持上述结果。另有研究关注谷胱甘肽的肾脏保护作用,均得到了不错的研究结果。而一些应用多巴胺保护肾脏的研究则未能得到预期效果。

有18项研究关注到了利尿剂在肾脏水化中的作用,有7项研究关注了甘露醇或呋塞米的肾脏保护作用。在几项研究中,甘露醇的肾脏作用总体较好,研究者推断当患者接受>100mg/m2剂量顺铂或患者合并高血压时,效果较好。而在甘露醇与呋塞米进行“头对头”研究比较时,呋塞米在有些研究中显现一定优势,所以有研究者倾向呋塞米的肾脏保护效果要强于甘露醇,尽管尚缺乏相关临床证据证实水化方案中含呋塞米可以优于单纯水化方案。另有几项小型研究证实患者接受口服剂型水化方案其肾脏保护作用不劣于静脉注射

另有回顾性分析关注了顺铂的剂量累计是否与肾毒性相关,研究纳入了95名接受顺铂的总剂量>300mg/m2且接受过常规水化治疗的患者,仅有4名患者发生了肾脏毒性,且均发生在接受治疗的2-8周内。研究者推测当顺铂联合水化方案时,并无累计剂量毒性,主要的肾脏不良反应均发生在治疗后的短时间内。

讨论

尽管顺铂已经面世多年,但其仍是多种治疗的基石。本文就顺铂的肾功能损害预防方式进行简要综述。临床上通常以一些检验指标来预测顺铂可能带来危害的人群并制定合适的治疗方案,诸多研究均以血清肌酐≥1.5mg/dL和/或肌酐清除率<50mL/min来认定患者的肾功能是否足够,但各种评价肾功能的方法均存在着不足之处。此外,如果患者同时患有糖尿病或应用氨基糖苷类抗生素等等都会增加顺铂造成肾脏功能的风险。顺铂造成的肾脏毒性风险可以由患者接受水化治疗而降低,短期及低容量水化方案都可以使患者获益。镁离子可以上调OCT-2蛋白表达,加速顺铂在肾脏的排泄。有些研究已经证实在短期水化的同时补充镁离子可以对中、高剂量的顺铂造成的肾毒性有一定缓解。另有研究发现,谷胱甘肽也可以起到类似的效果。而多巴胺及补充钾离子则未能证实其确定的肾脏保护作用。甘露醇是很强的脱水剂,可能会导致一些患者的过度脱水。有研究显示甘露醇可能会对接受大剂量顺铂方案治疗(>100mg/m2)的患者有一定肾脏保护作用。

综上,本文就顺铂造成的肾功能损伤预防方式做一简要综述,尽管顺铂的水化方案已经在临床上应用了四十多年,但就水化液体的具体选择,容量、时长及补充治疗、利尿剂等等仍缺乏具体推荐。当然,在现阶段,研究者也无法开展前瞻性的随机对照研究(费用问题)来得出合理答案。本文综合既往研究结果推荐患者接受短程、低计量的门诊水化方案,即便患者接受的是中到高剂量顺铂方案治疗。此外,在水化时,可以选择加用镁剂、谷胱甘肽及甘露醇,作为补充治疗,而呋塞米及多巴胺则不予推荐。口服高渗液体进行水化兴许对顺铂造成的肾功能损害也有一定帮助,但尚缺乏确切证据支持.

原始出处:

Crona DJ, et al. A Systematic Review of Strategies to Prevent Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Oncologist. 2017 Apr 24. pii: theoncologist.2016-0319. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0319.

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  3. 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09 08:12:25 CST 2017, time=2017-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195640, encodeId=ec43195640c1, content=继续学习。 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue May 09 06:42:02 CST 2017, time=2017-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195491, encodeId=abe819549102, content=这个真的是不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, 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    2017-09-15 minlingfeng
  4. 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  5. 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    2017-05-10 july_977
  6. 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encodeId=0b6c1464354a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9b04641580e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#水化#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64158, encryptionId=9b04641580e, topicName=水化)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f1276671681, createdName=yuanming9, createdTime=Wed May 10 11:57:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195710, encodeId=8c94195e1075, content=感谢小编为我们精心准备了如此精辟的精神大餐,小编辛苦了,点个赞吧!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Tue May 09 08:12:25 CST 2017, time=2017-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195640, encodeId=ec43195640c1, content=继续学习。 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue May 09 06:42:02 CST 2017, time=2017-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195491, encodeId=abe819549102, content=这个真的是不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K4BGdu4COj6QWFqgMd3xnWDdgLZKUGI32veZvO2qFAQvpYr1eMbUOTqMvlZWc3MsugtFMHzxDwial/0, createdBy=88731939304, createdName=圣艮山, createdTime=Mon May 08 21:15:50 CST 2017, time=2017-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-10 yuanming9
  7. 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09 08:12:25 CST 2017, time=2017-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195640, encodeId=ec43195640c1, content=继续学习。 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue May 09 06:42:02 CST 2017, time=2017-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195491, encodeId=abe819549102, content=这个真的是不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K4BGdu4COj6QWFqgMd3xnWDdgLZKUGI32veZvO2qFAQvpYr1eMbUOTqMvlZWc3MsugtFMHzxDwial/0, createdBy=88731939304, createdName=圣艮山, createdTime=Mon May 08 21:15:50 CST 2017, time=2017-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-09 ylzr123

    感谢小编为我们精心准备了如此精辟的精神大餐,小编辛苦了,点个赞吧!

    0

  8. 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encodeId=0b6c1464354a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9b04641580e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#水化#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64158, encryptionId=9b04641580e, topicName=水化)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f1276671681, createdName=yuanming9, createdTime=Wed May 10 11:57:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195710, encodeId=8c94195e1075, content=感谢小编为我们精心准备了如此精辟的精神大餐,小编辛苦了,点个赞吧!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Tue May 09 08:12:25 CST 2017, time=2017-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195640, encodeId=ec43195640c1, content=继续学习。 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue May 09 06:42:02 CST 2017, time=2017-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195491, encodeId=abe819549102, content=这个真的是不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K4BGdu4COj6QWFqgMd3xnWDdgLZKUGI32veZvO2qFAQvpYr1eMbUOTqMvlZWc3MsugtFMHzxDwial/0, createdBy=88731939304, createdName=圣艮山, createdTime=Mon May 08 21:15:50 CST 2017, time=2017-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-09 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习。

    0

  9. 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encodeId=0b6c1464354a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9b04641580e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#水化#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64158, encryptionId=9b04641580e, topicName=水化)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f1276671681, createdName=yuanming9, createdTime=Wed May 10 11:57:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195710, encodeId=8c94195e1075, content=感谢小编为我们精心准备了如此精辟的精神大餐,小编辛苦了,点个赞吧!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Tue May 09 08:12:25 CST 2017, time=2017-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195640, encodeId=ec43195640c1, content=继续学习。 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue May 09 06:42:02 CST 2017, time=2017-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195491, encodeId=abe819549102, content=这个真的是不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K4BGdu4COj6QWFqgMd3xnWDdgLZKUGI32veZvO2qFAQvpYr1eMbUOTqMvlZWc3MsugtFMHzxDwial/0, createdBy=88731939304, createdName=圣艮山, createdTime=Mon May 08 21:15:50 CST 2017, time=2017-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-08 圣艮山

    这个真的是不错

    0

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