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Nature Medicine盘点:2016年生命科学七大领域的8大突破性进展

2016-12-19 佚名 生物探索

近日,Nature Medicine盘点了2016年生命科学七大领域(基因治疗、免疫疗法、传染病、癌症、再生医学、自身免疫疾病、神经生物学)的8大突破性进展。近日,Nature Medicine盘点了2016年生命科学七大领域(基因治疗、免疫疗法、传染病、癌症、再生医学、自身免疫疾病、神经生物学)的8大突破性进展。(一)基因治疗领域越来越精准(Keeping it precise)精准的基因编辑使

导语:近日,Nature Medicine盘点了2016年生命科学七大领域(基因治疗、免疫疗法、传染病、癌症、再生医学、自身免疫疾病、神经生物学)的8大突破性进展。




近日,Nature Medicine盘点了2016年生命科学七大领域(基因治疗、免疫疗法、传染病、癌症、再生医学、自身免疫疾病、神经生物学)的8大突破性进展。

(一)基因治疗领域

越来越精准(Keeping it precise)




精准的基因编辑使得我们对一系列难治性且容易产生抗性的疾病进行治疗,来自哈佛医学院研究人员的研究(Nature 528, 490-495,2016)开发出一个新版本的Cas9酶或能够强有力的解决困扰CRISPR/Cas9系统的障碍,使脱靶效应降低到无法检测的水平,让我们离高度特异性的核酸酶更近了一步。

酿脓链球菌Cas9酶(SpCas9)可以和短链向导RNA(sgRNAs)一起进行基因组编辑,后者通过与靶标互补配对从而引导核酸酶结合DNA。由于sgRNAs不具有特异性,因此可能切割与靶序列相似的DNA序列,从而造成脱靶效应。这项研究中,研究人员认为非特异性剪切可能是由于核酸酶与非特异性DNA序列结合紧密导致,因此他们合成了一种与非特异性序列结合力更弱的突变核酸酶(SpCas9-HF1),在人体细胞实验中他们发现这个核酸酶可以将超过85%的靶序列切割,但是却检测不到非特异性切割。

这种方法或使得基因编辑能够进行更安全的治疗,也为研究人员提供了一种优化核酸酶的策略。

(二)免疫疗法领域

合乎常理的生物制品(Logical biologicals)




T细胞在一些临床试验中展现出了惊人的潜力,例如:通过基因工程编辑T细胞内源性受体或者添加外源性嵌合抗原受体(CAR),使之可以识别癌细胞表面的抗原,但由于这些抗原大多数也会在正常细胞中表达,因此这种疗法经常带来严重副作用。

今年Wendell Lim实验室报道了一种有可能改善CAR治疗的方法,这种方法依赖于一种进化上的传统信号通路,在这条信号通路中,Notch受体与细胞外信号一起控制基因转录,从而控制细胞行为。

利用这个特点,研究人员建立了一种新的调控机制:T细胞先通过一种合成的Notch受体(SynNotch)识别癌细胞的一种抗原,以此激活对另一种肿瘤抗原特异性的CARs的转录翻译(Cell 164, 780-791, 2016; Cell 164, 770-779, 2016)。这种组合可以限制T细胞杀伤只表达这两种抗原的细胞。因此这种方法可以提高选择性、更好控制以减小治疗时产生的副作用。在荷瘤小鼠身上,SynNotch T细胞特异性地清除了同时表达两种抗原的细胞,而对只表达一种抗原的细胞无影响。

在相同课题组随后的一篇文章中,他们表明SynNotch T细胞可以分化为需要的各种效应细胞或者选择性产生细胞毒性分子、抗体、细胞因子及佐剂,同时这些反应仅仅需要通过合成的通路就可以控制,与内源性的T细胞信号通路无关。

事实上,SynNotch T细胞可以用于对抗病毒感染、过度活化或其他功能紊乱的细胞,这大大拓宽了它的应用领域,但是还需要优化进而将之转化为临床应用。

改造自然:两篇Cell同期报导人工感应分子的新进展

(三)传染病领域

设计HIV抗体(Blueprints for HIV antibodies)




全世界有超过3600万的HIV感染患者,2015年新发感染病例超过200万,因此开发可以预防HIV感染的疫苗是全球公共卫生的首要目标。但是由于HIV病毒可以很快躲过免疫系统的监视,因此传统的疫苗对之无效。

近年来,从部分感染患者身上找到可以中和一系列HIV病毒的广谱性中和抗体(bNAbs)促使研究人员尝试通过人工抗原去产生这种抗体。但是,由于这些bNAbs的前体蛋白并不与HIV结合,这个过程就变得异常复杂。

采用一种工程化手段,Amelia Escolano及其同事发现通过不断修饰针对HIV包膜蛋白(Env)的抗原,并逐步免疫小鼠,这些小鼠成功产生了针对难中和二级抗体的HIV特异性bNAbs(Cell 166, 1445-1458, 2016),而反复注射针对Env的单一抗原则不会产生bNAbs。

尽管一些HIV阳性的感染者激发了HIV bNAbs,但是这项研究是人类首次采用免疫的方法成功产生HIV bNAbs。尽管这种方法太复杂以至于很难直接进行临床转化,但是它为合成HIV人工抗原并通过特殊方法激发HIV抗体带来了曙光。

(四)癌症领域

1)致命的逃逸(A deadly escape)




在癌症转移的过程中,癌细胞必须先突破血管周围的内皮细胞障碍,从而进入循环系统并到达新的组织。

而一项新研究表明:癌细胞可以通过诱导内皮细胞死亡而通过血管壁进入血管(Nature 536,215-218,2016)。

来自马克斯-普朗克心肺研究所(Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research)的研究人员首次发现:癌细胞与内皮细胞共培养时会通过癌细胞表面的淀粉样前体蛋白激活内皮细胞表面的死亡受体6(DR6),从而诱导内皮细胞死亡。这个效应对小鼠体内肿瘤转移至关重要:抑制癌细胞诱导的内皮细胞死亡可以抑制血管中的癌细胞在肺部形成转移灶。

当然,该研究还需要进一步深入以阐明:内皮细胞死亡如何促进癌细胞穿过血管以及整个过程如何促进人体内肿瘤转移。

2)突变受体(Going after receptor mutants)




内皮生长因子受体(EGFR)突变的非小细胞肺癌病人往往因此受益,但是这些受体往往又会再次突变导致肿瘤产生抗药性。

抗表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)耐药性突变肺癌的新型异位抑制剂(第四代新药)EAI045的研发成功,是国际上第一个可以克服T790M/C797S耐药突变的抑制剂,具有广谱的EGFR抑制效果。

这个由美国科学家和工业界合作发现的变构EGFR抑制剂对一系列EGFR突变型都具有较强的抑制效果(Nature 534, 129-132, 2016)。

通过对250万个化合物的筛选,研究人员发现了这个特别的抑制剂,它可以结合突变受体的一个变构点,使受体保持一种失活的构象,同时不影响它结合ATP的功能,也不会影响正常EGFR受体的功能。与西妥昔单抗(cetuximab)联合使用时,这个抑制剂可以让耐受目前所有疗法的肿瘤缩小。

(五)再生医学领域

细胞介导修复晶状体(A lens on cell-mediated repair)




使用内源性干细胞(endogenous stem cells)进行组织修复是再生医学的一个主要目标,这可有效避免免疫排斥及外源性干细胞引入导致的肿瘤形成。

眼部疾病修复就是再生医学的一个重要领域,由于此前已经发现了晶状体内皮前体细胞(LECs),而促进LECs的增生是治疗白内障的有效方法。

一项由中美科学家合作完成的新研究(Nature 531,323-328,2016)找到了一种新的侵入程度低的手术方法,未来有可能用于治疗先天性白内障的婴儿,同时并发症发生概率极低。研究人员通过在晶状体边缘以远小于此前的创口在健康兔子和猕猴眼内进行了手术,这在最大程度上保留了LEC,并保持了晶状体的自然恢复时间。

这种方法如果成功转化到临床,将显着降低术后并发症及再次手术的概率。

目前通过在12例儿童白内障患者身上进行实验,他们发现这项技术可以和常规手术一样提高视力,但是并发症发生率由常规的92%降低到了17%。

不过由于年龄相关的白内障患者体内LECs数量降低,这个方法是否对老年白内障也有效还需要进一步验证。

(六)自身免疫疾病领域

迈向抗原特异性治疗(Toward antigen-specific therapy)




尽管被批准的自身免疫疾病治疗药物非常少,但两项最新研究提供了一种概念性的自身免疫病治疗新方法:通过特殊手段特异性清除攻击病人自身组织的淋巴细胞而不影响免疫系统的其它部分。

慢性天疱疮是一种由于抗体结合皮肤蛋白桥粒芯蛋白3(Dsg3)导致的罕见起疱疾病,受到肿瘤免疫治疗的启发,来自宾夕法尼亚大学的研究人员(Science 353,179-184,2016)设计了一种工程化T淋巴细胞(将嵌合抗原受体更换为了Dsg3),可特异性攻击产生自身抗体的B淋巴细胞,从而抑制了自身抗体的产生。

而来自加拿大的卡尔加里大学(University of Calgary)研究人员(Nature 530,434-440,2016)采用了另一种方法,他们通过增强调节性T细胞的功能来治疗疾病,而非杀死B细胞。

他们通过在纳米颗粒上修饰抗原肽-主要组织相容性复合物(MHC),可以促使T细胞转变为调节性T细胞,系统注射这样的纳米颗粒后,1型糖尿病小鼠体内产生了大量的调节性T细胞,从而维持了血糖的正常水平。

据悉,一旦临床试验成功,这种Navacims纳米候选药物或有望帮助治疗类风湿性关节炎、多发性硬化症等一系列疾病。

(七)神经生物学领域

解析突触的剪切(Parsing synaptic pruning)



经典的补体级联放大信号通路已经被证明会影响中枢神经系统中神经回路的发育和重塑,但是否补体系统也会促进神经疾病发生还不清楚。而今年发表的3项研究则揭示了补体介导的突出清除对神经精神病学疾病及神经退行性疾病的影响。

Broad研究所的Stanley精神中心、哈佛医学院和波士顿儿童医院的研究人员根据近6万5***的遗传分析,揭示了如果一个人继承的“突触修剪”相关的基因(消除神经元之间的连接),他们的精神分裂症的风险会增加。研究人员发现:补体4基因(C4)突变导致的结构变化与精神分裂症相关(Nature 530,177-183,2016),其中精神分裂症患者脑部C4A的含量升高,C4存在于神经元中的突触部位,而清除C4则会降低突出剪切的比例。这表明引起C4表达上调的基因突变也许导致了过量的突触剪切,从而导致了精神分裂症。

第二项研究是由Stanley Center的研究人员发现:补体信号和吞噬性小神经胶质细胞与阿尔兹海默症早期的突触缺失相关(Science 352,712-716,2016),他们发现补体C1q的上调会激活吞噬性小神经胶质细胞,最终导致突触被清除。

第三项来自加尼福利亚大学旧金山分校的研究(Cell 165, 921–935, 2016)表明在神经退行性疾病额颞叶痴呆小鼠模型中,C1qa会促进小神经胶质细胞依赖的突触清除。

这些研究共同表明了补体介导的突触清除在一系列神经退行性疾病及精神紊乱中发挥重要作用。

原始出处:

Hannah Stower, Tanya Bondar,Alison Farrell,Michael Basson,Randy Levinson,Christine Borowski,Javier Carmona& Brett Benedetti.Notable advances 2016.NATURE MEDICINE.06 December 2016

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    2017-01-24 kalseyzl
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    2017-05-22 jeanqiuqiu
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    2017-10-17 liye789132251
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    2016-12-28 李东泽

    很好,不错,以后会多学习

    0

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    2016-12-20 虈亣靌

    谢谢分享,学习了

    0

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