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大城市控烟,可以有多细

2018-03-18 佚名 慢病管理网

我国北京、上海、杭州、深圳等多地实施了地方性控烟条例。事实上,出于公共健康和安全方面的考虑,全球许多城市都已实行严格的控烟条例。他们的控烟之路怎么走?管理有多细?多伦多:政府官员更迭,控烟“步履不停”加拿大最大的城市多伦多,不论在全国还是所在的安大略省内,都以“禁烟斗士”的城市形象而闻名。早在1997年,多伦多市政府就试图在公共场所全面禁烟。在时任市长贺珀励的努力下,多伦多于当年年初通过了在全市餐

我国北京、上海、杭州、深圳等多地实施了地方性控烟条例。

事实上,出于公共健康和安全方面的考虑,全球许多城市都已实行严格的控烟条例。他们的控烟之路怎么走?管理有多细?

多伦多:政府官员更迭,控烟“步履不停”

加拿大最大的城市多伦多,不论在全国还是所在的安大略省内,都以“禁烟斗士”的城市形象而闻名。

早在1997年,多伦多市政府就试图在公共场所全面禁烟。在时任市长贺珀励的努力下,多伦多于当年年初通过了在全市餐馆、酒吧和夜店的禁烟条例。不过,当时公众的禁烟意识并不强。一些商家为了扞卫自己的利益提出反对,更有人认为此举会影响旅游业的收入而抨击政府的禁烟措施。一片反对声浪中,政府不得不退让,条例实施不到两个月之时,就被叫停。

尽管政府官员更迭,但多伦多控烟“步履不停”。2001年,时任市长拉士曼再次尝试“闯关”,仍然遭到餐饮业的强烈反对。商家认为“烟酒不分家”是长期形成的文化,如果全面禁烟,势必会影响餐馆、酒吧的生意。拉士曼与餐饮业团体多次沟通后决定,多伦多禁烟分两阶段进行:第一步是餐馆及保龄球场禁烟,内部可设吸烟室;到2004年6月实施第二步,即所有酒吧、桌球室及赛马场均禁烟。

后来,安大略省通过了“禁烟法”。按照规定,从2006年6月1日起,全省禁止在所有工作场所和对公众开放的封闭空间内吸烟。这意味着多伦多给全省做出了榜样,也标志着这个城市的禁烟运动不再“孤单”。

虽然禁烟法例规定餐馆可以自设吸烟房间,但在此之前,经营者必须向多伦多市卫生局及市城市规划部门提出申请。卫生局对吸烟室的大小规格有规定,要求该房间必须完全封闭并安装排风设备。与此同时,卫生局广泛告知业主,从业者有义务向客人宣导和执行禁烟令,包括张贴禁烟标志以及不向客人提供烟灰缸等。违规者可能被罚款。

为了加强监督,多伦多设立了专门的禁烟热线,市民可以通过这个电话投诉不遵守法例的餐馆和店家,或询问有关规定。卫生局也会每天派遣几十名执法检查人员在营业时间内,对各家餐馆进行巡视、抽查。经营者首次违反法规可能被处以200加元至5000加元的罚款,多次违反者除罚款之外,还可能收到法院传票。

近年来,多伦多致力于实现校园禁烟。比如,麦克马斯特大学从2018年新年伊始就在校园内实施全面禁烟,由此成为加拿大第14间无烟高等院校。而多伦多大学、约克大学表示,禁烟计划正在筹划中。

纽约:法规与时俱进,民间力量做宣传“大使”

纽约是全美禁烟最有成效的大城市之一。当地的禁烟“重拳”包括颁布严格禁烟法规、对香烟课以重税,同时积极推广公共教育,引导公众形成全社会反吸烟的共识

1988年,纽约出台了《无烟空气法案》,禁止在公共卫生间和出租车内吸烟。从那以后,这一法案先后修订了三次。2002年的修订增加了禁止在一些室内空间(如餐馆和酒吧)吸烟的规定。2009年再次修订时,规定禁止在医院的地面,以及出入口15英尺以内吸烟。2013年时,纽约把电子烟也进行了等同卷烟的管理,在所有禁止吸烟的地方,同时禁止电子烟。作为配合《无烟空气法案》的“组合拳”,纽约市议会还于2011年2月22日起把控烟范围延伸至更广的室外公共区域,包括所有市内公园、沙滩以及广场。

控烟法规逐渐细化的十几年间,纽约烟民比例大幅降低。除香烟增税外,美国疾病控制和预防中心分析认为,烟民减少还与积极开展吸烟有害健康的宣传教育有关。据了解,纽约市政府积极开展公众教育活动,定期公布吸烟与健康调查报告和全市吸烟率统计。

为了让人们直观感受,禁烟电视广告“大胆”展示了吸烟影响肺、动脉和大脑的效果图,阐述吸烟与疾病、死亡的关联,吸烟对儿童健康的影响等。市卫生局还开设戒烟热线,为戒烟提供咨询和免费用品,并且定期派专业人士到中学举办戒烟有关讲座。

民间力量也在推动纽约禁烟中起了重要作用。纽约对在公园等户外公共场所吸烟的行为罚款300美元,但实际上有执法权的只有相关部门的200多名警察,因此,杜绝违规吸烟主要靠自律和亲朋提醒。此外,像美国肺脏协会这样的组织则积极开展活动,提供关于香烟危害的科普知识,提供戒烟咨询,并为如何开展禁烟宣传提供指导。

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    2018-03-22 12177770m58暂无昵称

    学习了!可以直接关闭烟场吗?

    0

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    2018-03-19 lfcmxl
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    2018-03-18 明月清辉

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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    2018-03-18 yjs木玉

    好好好好好好好好

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=298685, encodeId=fa3129868557, content=学习了!可以直接关闭烟场吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=76d12257050, createdName=12177770m58暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Mar 22 20:10:47 CST 2018, time=2018-03-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1596732, encodeId=1e6b1596e3259, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=de7556e483f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#控烟#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56748, encryptionId=de7556e483f, topicName=控烟)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=944b18405460, createdName=lfcmxl, createdTime=Mon Mar 19 15:54:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=297330, encodeId=7bf429e330ad, content=谢谢分享.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Sun Mar 18 08:06:37 CST 2018, time=2018-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=297296, encodeId=f02a29e2969b, content=好好好好好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Sun Mar 18 07:14:49 CST 2018, time=2018-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=297288, encodeId=222329e2887d, content=了解了解.继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Mar 18 07:09:20 CST 2018, time=2018-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=297240, encodeId=371629e2404d, content=学习一下谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzaiabIFicf63hKvVMjL6aJlx4yX4UcXmzX9DyibCRcicq0QtCRWMaQKh8MYjE1D3EKUBopgiaGWYuqbeR/0, createdBy=0c2b1999806, createdName=三生有幸9135, createdTime=Sun Mar 18 01:42:10 CST 2018, time=2018-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-18 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解了解.继续关注

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=298685, encodeId=fa3129868557, content=学习了!可以直接关闭烟场吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=76d12257050, createdName=12177770m58暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Mar 22 20:10:47 CST 2018, time=2018-03-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1596732, encodeId=1e6b1596e3259, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=de7556e483f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#控烟#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56748, encryptionId=de7556e483f, topicName=控烟)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=944b18405460, createdName=lfcmxl, createdTime=Mon Mar 19 15:54:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=297330, encodeId=7bf429e330ad, content=谢谢分享.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Sun Mar 18 08:06:37 CST 2018, time=2018-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=297296, encodeId=f02a29e2969b, content=好好好好好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Sun Mar 18 07:14:49 CST 2018, time=2018-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=297288, encodeId=222329e2887d, content=了解了解.继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Mar 18 07:09:20 CST 2018, time=2018-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=297240, encodeId=371629e2404d, content=学习一下谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzaiabIFicf63hKvVMjL6aJlx4yX4UcXmzX9DyibCRcicq0QtCRWMaQKh8MYjE1D3EKUBopgiaGWYuqbeR/0, createdBy=0c2b1999806, createdName=三生有幸9135, createdTime=Sun Mar 18 01:42:10 CST 2018, time=2018-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-18 三生有幸9135

    学习一下谢谢分享

    0

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