Baidu
map

糖尿病人意识不清,别只想着低血糖!丨经典病例

2018-08-14 王建华 医学界内分泌频道

某男性患者,67岁。既往有糖尿病史20余年,长期口服二甲双胍、阿卡波糖等药物治疗,血糖控制尚可。1周前,患者受凉后出现腹泻、水样便,伴恶心、纳差,1天前家人发现患者言行反常,遂来急诊。

临床实例

某男性患者,67岁。既往有糖尿病史20余年,长期口服二甲双胍、阿卡波糖等药物治疗,血糖控制尚可。1周前,患者受凉后出现腹泻、水样便,伴恶心、纳差,1天前家人发现患者言行反常,遂来急诊。

体格检查:T36.5℃,P85次/分,R22次/分,BP140/90mmHg。老年男性,神志模糊,反应迟钝,全身皮肤弹性差,唇舌干燥,双肺呼吸音粗,未闻及干、湿啰音,心率85次/分,律齐。腹平软,无压痛及反跳痛,肝、脾肋下未及,双下肢无浮肿,肠鸣音活跃,双下肢不肿,余(-)。

门诊化验:随机血糖3.2mmol/L,血常规及大便常规正常。

初步诊断:1、低血糖症;2、急性胃肠炎;3、2型糖尿病

诊疗经过:急症留观,50%葡萄糖液20毫升静推,同时给予补液、抗炎、收敛止泻药物对症治疗。半小时后复测血糖7.6mmol/L,但低血糖纠正后,患者精神障碍仍无改善,精神亢奋、胡言乱语。

内分泌科医生会诊后认为,患者精神症状不能完全用低血糖解释,结合患者近期腹泻、纳差病史,建议急查血气分析,检查结果:pH:7.55;PaO2:85mmHg;PaCO2:55mmHg,HCO3-:32mmol/L,K+:1.6mmol/L,Na+:138mmol/L,Cl-:85mmol/L,符合“失代偿性低钾低氯性代谢性碱中毒”,立即口服及静脉补钾,之后随着低钾、代碱的纠正,患者意识很快恢复正常。

水和电解质是人体生命必不可缺的物质,是维持血液循环、细胞代谢及人体内环境稳定的基础。因此,只有确保水和电解质的相对稳定,才能维持人体各种正常的生理功能,包括意识状态。而水、电解质失衡可引起大脑缺血、缺氧及代谢异常,导致病人意识障碍。

临床上,糖尿病人出现意识障碍的情况并不少见,人们首先想到的往往是低血糖、酮症酸中毒、非酮症高渗昏迷等糖尿病急性并发症,或是脑中风、肺性脑病、甲状腺疾病(甲亢或甲减)等伴随疾病,而水、电解质紊乱及酸碱失衡问题则常常被忽视。

事实上,糖尿病人由于饮食控制不合理、呕吐或腹泻、过度利尿、进水量不足,再加上救治过程中不注意补充水分及电解质,因而很容易发生水、电解质紊乱及酸碱失衡,这也是导致患者意识障碍的一个重要原因,其中又以老年患者更为多见,原因有二:①老年人口渴中枢不敏感,体内缺水时不能及时主动补充水分;②老年人各个脏器的生理功能(尤其是肾功能)逐渐衰退,对体内水和电解质的自动调节能力明显下降,故老年人特别容易发生水、电解质紊乱。

临床比较常见的导致糖尿病人精神异常的电解质紊乱类型主要有以下几种:

01

低钾低氯性碱中毒

糖尿病人特别容易出现低血钾,这主要是由于:

糖尿病人膳食种类过于单调,导致钾摄取不足;

高血糖导致高渗性利尿,尿量增多,电解质随尿液流失,引起低血钾;

肠功能紊乱(恶心、呕吐、腹泻等)导致钾丢失增加;

药源性低血钾:因使用排钾利尿剂(如氢氯噻嗪、速尿等)、糖皮质激素等药物导致钾丢失;

使用胰岛素的过程中忽视补钾:例如,在救治酮症酸中毒病人时,需要持续静点胰岛素控制血糖,而胰岛素可促进钾由细胞外向细胞内转移,如不注意及时补钾,容易出现低血钾,进而导致“代谢性碱中毒”。

我们知道,胃液中含有丰富的钾离子(K+)、氯离子(Cl-),频繁的呕吐造成K+和Cl-的大量丢失,从而使血清K+、Cl-降低,导致低钾低氯性碱中毒,如文中的这位患者。治疗主要是补充丢失的K+和Cl-,积极治疗原发病(如腹泻)。

02

低钠血症

低钠血症又称“低渗综合征”,在糖尿病人中也不少见,可因过度限盐、补液不当(如脱水时大量补充白开水,没注意补充盐分),或长期服用保钾排钠利尿剂等因素引起。

轻度低钠血症一般无明显症状,但严重时可出现头痛、嗜睡及精神错乱,甚至发生惊厥、昏迷等。治疗方面:如果是稀释性低钠血症,应限制入水量,利尿排水;如果是缺钠性低钠血症,则需要补充钠盐,酌情补充生理盐水或高渗盐水。

03

高钠血症

高钠血症也称“高渗综合征”。糖尿病人常因呕吐、腹泻、过量使用利尿剂导致脱水而诱发,其主要表现为严重口渴、皮肤黏膜干燥、心慌,严重时可出现烦躁、嗜睡甚至癫痫、昏迷等症状。治疗上需要补充足量的低张液(如0.45%盐水)。

04

其他

低钙血症或高钙血症均可导致精神异常,尤其是低钙血症在老年糖尿病人当中比较多见,严重者不但可引起肢体抽搐,还可使患者出现烦躁易怒、焦虑失眠、抑郁以致精神错乱。

小结

综上所述,当糖尿病人出现意识障碍而不能用低血糖、酮症酸中毒、非酮症高渗综合征、甲功异常(甲减或甲亢)、垂体前叶功能减退、脑卒中、肺性脑病、肝昏迷等疾病来解释时,一定要注意排除是否存在电解质紊乱及酸碱失衡。

需要说明的是,轻度的代谢性酸中毒或代谢性碱中毒一般不需要专门补碱或补酸。随着脱水和电解质紊乱纠正、肾功能改善和尿量增加,通过患者自身的调节,酸碱失衡大多能够自行纠正。

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (5)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=345867, encodeId=54df34586e74, content=糖尿病患者的治疗。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Sep 20 18:22:47 CST 2018, time=2018-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=342891, encodeId=9cc734289123, content=糖尿病意识不清。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Sep 05 12:40:40 CST 2018, time=2018-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339692, encodeId=573f33969254, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=137, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Aug 20 07:42:28 CST 2018, time=2018-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1621219, encodeId=ac681621219ea, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c5d53240c2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#意识不清#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53240, encryptionId=7c5d53240c2, topicName=意识不清)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e3bf20213345, createdName=Luyuxie_16, createdTime=Wed Aug 15 23:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041777, encodeId=c1c71041e7735, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Tue Aug 14 11:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-09-20 jyzxjiangqin

    糖尿病患者的治疗。

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=345867, encodeId=54df34586e74, content=糖尿病患者的治疗。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Sep 20 18:22:47 CST 2018, time=2018-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=342891, encodeId=9cc734289123, content=糖尿病意识不清。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Sep 05 12:40:40 CST 2018, time=2018-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339692, encodeId=573f33969254, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=137, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Aug 20 07:42:28 CST 2018, time=2018-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1621219, encodeId=ac681621219ea, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c5d53240c2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#意识不清#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53240, encryptionId=7c5d53240c2, topicName=意识不清)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e3bf20213345, createdName=Luyuxie_16, createdTime=Wed Aug 15 23:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041777, encodeId=c1c71041e7735, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Tue Aug 14 11:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-09-05 jyzxjiangqin

    糖尿病意识不清。

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=345867, encodeId=54df34586e74, content=糖尿病患者的治疗。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Sep 20 18:22:47 CST 2018, time=2018-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=342891, encodeId=9cc734289123, content=糖尿病意识不清。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Sep 05 12:40:40 CST 2018, time=2018-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339692, encodeId=573f33969254, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=137, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Aug 20 07:42:28 CST 2018, time=2018-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1621219, encodeId=ac681621219ea, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c5d53240c2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#意识不清#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53240, encryptionId=7c5d53240c2, topicName=意识不清)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e3bf20213345, createdName=Luyuxie_16, createdTime=Wed Aug 15 23:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041777, encodeId=c1c71041e7735, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Tue Aug 14 11:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-08-20 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=345867, encodeId=54df34586e74, content=糖尿病患者的治疗。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Sep 20 18:22:47 CST 2018, time=2018-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=342891, encodeId=9cc734289123, content=糖尿病意识不清。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Sep 05 12:40:40 CST 2018, time=2018-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339692, encodeId=573f33969254, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=137, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Aug 20 07:42:28 CST 2018, time=2018-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1621219, encodeId=ac681621219ea, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c5d53240c2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#意识不清#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53240, encryptionId=7c5d53240c2, topicName=意识不清)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e3bf20213345, createdName=Luyuxie_16, createdTime=Wed Aug 15 23:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041777, encodeId=c1c71041e7735, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Tue Aug 14 11:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=345867, encodeId=54df34586e74, content=糖尿病患者的治疗。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Sep 20 18:22:47 CST 2018, time=2018-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=342891, encodeId=9cc734289123, content=糖尿病意识不清。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Sep 05 12:40:40 CST 2018, time=2018-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339692, encodeId=573f33969254, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=137, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Aug 20 07:42:28 CST 2018, time=2018-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1621219, encodeId=ac681621219ea, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c5d53240c2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#意识不清#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53240, encryptionId=7c5d53240c2, topicName=意识不清)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e3bf20213345, createdName=Luyuxie_16, createdTime=Wed Aug 15 23:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041777, encodeId=c1c71041e7735, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Tue Aug 14 11:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-08-14 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

    0

相关资讯

Lancet:印度尼西亚全面医疗体系对民众健康的影响

研究认为,27年间印度尼西亚全面健康指标得到显著改善,但部分非传染性疾病已成为影响居民健康的重要因素

三伏天糖尿病人头晕的原因,除了低血糖还有啥?

范爹爹今年72岁,思维依然敏捷,下起围棋来很多年轻人还得甘拜下风。已患2型糖尿病近十年的他,平时非常注重养生保健,饮食控制十分严格,打胰岛素一针不落,但血糖监测坚持得不好,甚至几周都不测一次。

全球糖尿病超长效GLP-1抗体激动剂在中国获批临床

8月11日,鸿运华宁(杭州)生物医药有限公司宣布:自主开发的原研新药——重组抗人GLP-1受体人源化单克隆抗体注射液(格鲁塔珠单抗注射液,代号:GMA102)近日获得中国国家药品监督管理局颁发的针对2型糖尿病适应症的临床试验批件。据鸿运华宁透露,格鲁塔珠单抗注射液是基于该公司独特专有的GPCR抗体技术平台开发的GLP-1抗体激动剂,目标适应症为2型糖尿病和肥胖症。目前正在澳大利亚和新西兰开展该药的

JACC:一种新的由红细胞介导的糖尿病致内皮功能不全机制

心血管疾病是2型糖尿病(T2DM)的主要风险之一。既往研究报道了红细胞(RBCs)在心功能调节中的重要作用,T2DM患者的RBC功能有所改变,且精氨酸酶的活性有所增高。本研究的目的旨在证明T2DM患者的红细胞可以通过上调精氨酸酶水平引起内皮功能不全。本研究对T2DM患者和年龄匹配的对照的红细胞进行了分离,并与大鼠主动脉或非糖尿病患者的乳腺内动脉血管共培养。分析结果显示,T2DM患者的红细胞精氨酸酶

糖尿病合并脂肪肝,优选哪种降糖药?

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD),在一些国家是最为常见的肝脏疾病。鉴于NAFLD危害巨大,有必要了解各种降糖药对脂肪肝的影响,对糖尿病合并脂肪肝患者选择更加合适的药物。

2018 ISPAD临床实践共识指南:儿童和青少年微血管和大血管并发症

2018年8月,国际儿童青少年糖尿病协会(ISPAD)发布了儿童和青少年微血管和大血管并发症指南,糖尿病远期血管并发症包括肾脏,视网膜,神经以及微血管病变。本文主要针对儿童和青少年糖尿病微血管和大血管并发症的管理提出指导建议。

Baidu
map
Baidu
map
Baidu
map