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警惕:那些你不管就死给你看的胸痛!

2018-04-30 毕海丰 掌上医讯

急性突发性胸痛是是常见的临床综合征,是患者急诊入院的主要原因之一,突发性胸痛病人无小病,正确诊治胸痛至关重要。

急性突发性胸痛是是常见的临床综合征,是患者急诊入院的主要原因之一,突发性胸痛病人无小病,正确诊治胸痛至关重要。

胸痛是由于多种病因刺激支配气管、支气管、心脏及主动脉末梢所致,其中包括:放射性疼痛。引起胸痛的病因常见于炎性病变、缺血性病变、肿瘤、外伤、机械压迫、理化因素、自主神经功能失调、临近器官病变的反射或牵连等。

首先,应尽快判断是否为急性致命性胸痛,即胸痛是否伴发生生命体征变化,如意识障碍、呼吸困难、低血压、休克、严重心律失常等。若不及时处理,则可能引起患者死亡。常见的致命性胸痛有:急性心肌梗死、急性肺栓塞、主动脉夹层和自发性性气胸。


急性心梗是由于冠状动脉粥样硬化,伴有粥样斑块出血、血栓形成或冠状动脉痉挛所致血流中断引起严重持久的心肌缺血,导致局部心肌坏死。

典型病人常是中、老年男性或绝经后妇女。典型表现是突然出现的或逐渐加重的胸骨后疼痛不适,呈压榨性,伴恐惧感或濒死感,并向左肩、背部和其他部位放射。持续时间常>30分钟,含服硝酸甘油不能缓解,病人常伴有恶心、呕吐和出汗。部分病人可伴有左心功能不全,常出现呼吸困难和端坐呼吸。但在老年人中,尤其是糖尿病人中,胸痛相对少见,突发呼吸困难是常见的临床表现。

急性肺栓塞

是由于内源性或外源性栓子堵塞肺动脉或其分支,引起肺循环障碍的临床和病理生理综合征。

常存在高危因素:如下肢深静脉血栓、外伤、手术、长期制动等。常见的症状有呼吸困难、胸痛、咳嗽、咯血、晕厥、恶心、呕吐等。呼吸困难是最主要的临床症状,可伴有紫绀,呼吸浅快等。部分患者可突发低血压、休克、右心衰、濒死感,乃至猝死。

主动脉夹层

主动脉夹层是由于某种原因使主动脉内膜、中层与外膜之间的结构破坏,在血液压力冲击下损伤部位发生进行性扩张,而产生病理生理变化。

患者多有高血压或动脉粥样硬化史。其特征为心前区或胸骨后突然剧烈疼痛,呈烧灼样、撕裂样或刀割样,可沿夹层血肿发展方向推进,常放射到头、颈、上肢、背、腰、中下腹甚至下肢。

自发性气胸

多因剧烈咳嗽、活动或提重物时突发胸痛,呈尖锐刺痛、撕裂样疼痛,向同侧肩部、对侧胸腹或腹部放射。张力性气胸时迅速出现严重呼吸循环衰竭,病人表情紧张胸闷、烦躁不安、紫绀、出冷汗、脉速、虚脱,甚至发生意识不清、呼吸衰竭。

诊断程序

监测生命体征和查体

要迅速测量病人血压、心率或脉搏、呼吸频率,观察病人的神志、面容和精神状况,以判断病人病情。立即做心电图,行腹部查体和心脏检查。询问病人主诉、现病史、既往史等。

判断病因

(1)急性心梗

过往冠心病史,此次胸痛持续30分钟以上,心电图上出现相邻2个或更多导联ST段抬高,即可诊断为ST段抬高的心梗。

(2)急性肺栓塞

常发生于产后或手术后状态、长途旅行、久坐、高凝状态、外周水肿或深静脉血栓形成病人。心电图无心梗的特征性改变,但大多数有心电图异常改变,典型的急性肺栓塞心电图包括SIQIIITIII(仅占20%~40%)。病人可伴有肺部湿罗音、心动过速、奔马律,严重者可伴有低血压或休克。

(3)主动脉夹层

高血压、妊娠或马方综合征病人,突发撕裂性胸背部剧痛,心电图未见异常改变,病人突发主动脉瓣关闭不全,颈动脉或锁骨下动脉等闻及杂音,受累肢体动脉搏动减弱,双上肢血压相差20mmHg以上等应考虑本病。若夹层破裂,则可发生休克、胸腹腔积血、心包填塞等。

(4)自发性气胸

多因剧烈咳嗽、活动或提中午是突发胸痛,呈尖锐刺痛、撕裂样疼痛,向同侧肩部、对侧胸部或腹部放射,极似急性冠状动脉栓塞或“急腹症”,大量气胸、血胸常伴严重呼吸困难、发绀、端坐呼吸,甚至休克、昏迷、死亡等。可见患侧胸廓饱满、肋间隙膨隆,气管及心尖搏动向对侧偏移,呼吸运动减弱或消失,局部叩鼓音,呼吸音减弱、消失,心界消失。胸部X线检查可见胸膜线、压缩成团块阴影的肺组织及无肺纹理的积气透光区。

急救措施

(1)生命体征支持

立即给予吸氧。并发低血压或休克的病人要迅速给予补液,必要时给予升压药物。呼吸衰竭的病人,可根据情况给予呼吸兴奋剂、支气管解痉剂。并发心力衰竭的病人,如果不存在低血压状态,可给予利尿剂;若除外AMI,则可给予洋地黄类强心剂;严重胸痛者,可给予镇静镇痛。

(2)病因治疗

张力性气胸者,应迅速给予胸腔穿刺放气治疗。主动脉夹层病人并发高血压,应尽快降压,可应用硝普纳、酚妥拉明等。肺栓塞的溶栓窗口较长,故对可疑肺栓塞病人不必急于溶栓,可先行对症处理,待相应影像学检查和其他检查确诊后再行溶栓。对于急性冠脉综合征的处理首先是吸氧,止痛,静脉应用硝酸甘油,服用抗凝药物,再对患者进行评估,进行溶栓或者急诊PCI等。

对于致命性胸痛的诊断和治疗是非常重要的,延误诊断时间,死亡风险将增加,时间就是生命。熟练的掌握致命性胸痛的诊断、鉴别诊断和治疗,才能从容的面对急性病人,正确的进行急救。

原始出处:

1.潘诚, 宋文宣. 突发性自发性致命性胸痛病人的院前救治[J]. 齐鲁医学杂志, 2006, 21(5): 469-470

2.张珺辉, 盖自宽. 急性非创伤致命性胸痛的诊断思维与临床实践[J]. 中国全科医学, 2004, 7(24): 1834-1835

3.成涛. 基层医院如何快速鉴别致命性胸痛[J]. 中外健康文摘, 2013, (35): 24-25

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    2018-05-02 易水河

    提高警惕.保卫健康

    0

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    2018-05-01 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献.谢谢.学习了

    0

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    2018-05-01 雅文博武

    学习了很多先进的医学研究

    0

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    2018-04-30 哈哈869

    学了

    0

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    2018-04-30 明月清辉

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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    2018-04-30 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

    0

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    2018-04-30 sunfeifeiyang

    0

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胸痛的鉴别诊断繁杂,夺命四大杀手之“急性心梗、主动脉夹层、肺栓塞、张力性气胸”是老生常谈,如果如此凶险的病魔组合出击,那罹患之人真是生机渺茫。

多病缠身 看医生如何精准“拿捏”!

患者,男,55岁。因活动后胸痛、胸闷、气促2年,加重1个月入院。患者2年前无明显诱因出现活动后胸痛,为胸骨后刺痛不适,持续数分钟可自行缓解,无头晕、黑蒙及晕厥,无咳嗽、咳痰、咯血,无水肿及夜间阵发性呼吸困难。曾到当地医院就诊,诊为冠心病、心肌梗死,给予相关治疗,但未规律服药;此外近2年来出现活动后气短,体力逐渐减退。1个月前无明显诱因胸闷、气促症状加重,稍微活动即出现,休息15~20分钟可缓解。发

病例分享:胸痛+ST段抬高+肌钙蛋白升高,不一定就是心梗!

骑白马的不一定是唐僧,还可能是我们心目中万分期待的王子。因此,当胸痛+ST段抬高+肌钙蛋白(cTn)升高找上门时,其背后的元凶也许并不十分可怕,而是急性心梗的“最善意的模仿者”。

胸痛了!影像学检查能看出哪些异常表现?

胸痛是一种常见的临床症状,常见的原因有多种,不同的原因有不同的影像学表现,试简要叙述如下:

这例胸痛的罪魁祸首竟是……

患者,男性,18岁,因“胸痛、呼吸急促5小时”就诊。该患者入院5小时前无明显诱因下出现胸痛,胸痛部位以胸骨下段为主,呈持续性,较剧烈,无放射性感觉,伴明显呼吸急促,深呼吸及进食动作后明显,该患者无畏寒发热,无咳嗽咳痰咯血呼吸困难,无腹痛腹泻、恶心呕吐等伴随症状。

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