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JNNP:采用疾病改良疗法筛查新生儿脊髓性肌萎缩症的成本效果分析

2021-08-03 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

使用疾病改良发筛查新生儿脊髓性肌萎缩症在提高新生儿生活质量和寿命的同时,还大大节约了社会成本。

脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA),是一类由脊髓前角运动神经元变性导致肌无力、肌萎缩的疾病。属常染色体隐性遗传病。本病临床表现差异较大,根据患者起病年龄和临床病程,将SMA由重到轻分为4型。共同特点是脊髓前角细胞变性,临床表现为进行性、对称性,肢体近端为主的广泛性弛缓性麻痹与肌萎缩,智力发育及感觉均正常。SMA的严重程度取决于SMN2的拷贝数,SMN2是SMN1的后备基因,SMN2拷贝数不同个体之间呈现差异。在疾病改良疗法在临床实施后,婴儿SMA的早期诊断和早治疗的好处已经开始显现。一些国家已经引入或正在考虑对新生儿进行SMA筛查(NBS)。而对SMA的NBS从成本-效果进行经济评估对于临床应用具有重要意义 ,为罕见神经遗传疾病的可持续健康政策提供参考依据。

本方法旨在从经济角度评估通过疾病改良疗法(即nusinersen或基因疗法)早期识别SMA的短期和长期成本效益,主要与未经筛查的nusinersen疗法以及之前未经筛查且由护理管理支持的病例相比较。使用Treeage软件Pro 2020软件开发了NBS与非NBS的决策分析模型,该模型嵌套了代表治疗方案的马尔可夫模型。根据筛查途径(筛查与不筛查)和治疗方案(nusinersen、基因治疗或支持性护理),根据四种治疗策略(图1),进行了一系列马尔可夫队列模拟,反映了人群中每个婴儿的健康结果和成本:(1)使用nusinersen进行早期识别和治疗的NBS(2) NBS能够早期识别和启动基因治疗(3) 通过临床转诊进行症状诊断,并从诊断时起使用nusinersen进行治疗和(4)通过临床转诊进行症状诊断,并由支持性护理进行管理。

Figure 1

SMA NBS的决策分析模型

决策分析模型的参数来自新南威尔士州/澳大利亚首都地区国家统计局试点项目的实验室数据。健康结果报告指标为生活质量改善年数(QALYs)。所有成本和QALY均以每年3%的标准贴现至2018年。NBS检测到确诊SMA(真阳性)的婴儿将开始nusinersen治疗)或在诊断后接受基因治疗。随后出现症状的假阴性将在症状后阶段开始疾病修饰nusinersen治疗。

马尔可夫队列模拟是允许个体从一种健康状态过渡到另一种健康状态的随机过程。马尔可夫模型侧重于疾病过程中的重大临床改变,并以已发表的有关SMA自然史和不同年龄组的临床试验以及SMA基因型和表型的文献为指导。根据SMA标志性症状的临床观察,将马尔可夫循环的时间长度定义为6个月。在马尔可夫模型中,指定了11种健康状态来捕捉SMA疾病的演变。每个被诊断为SMA的婴儿都是从非坐姿状态开始,然后根据WHO的标准获得一组临床症状演变过程,即:无支撑坐姿、有帮助站立、有帮助行走,单独站立和行走。根据澳大利亚SMA流行病学数据,对NBS检测到的SMA按基因型(2拷贝69%和3拷贝31%)和临床转诊症状诊断按表型(SMA1 58%,SMA2 29%,SMA3 13%)加权转换概率。在这个过程中,可能会有临床症状消失。如果发生,则假定发生了一步后退过渡,个体将保持倒退状态直至死亡。同时,受试者可能在任何健康状态下死亡。

Figure 2

马尔可夫模型中建模的健康状态的有向图表示

在NBS干预队列中,对两种改变疾病的治疗方案,即nusinersen或基因治疗进行建模,得到筛查出的SMA患者的成本和结果。该研究报告了首次达到标志性临床症状的中位年龄,以估计健康状态之间的转换概率。在中位随访2.9年的研究中,未报告死亡或失去运动的重大事件。目前正在对患有SMA的新生儿进行基因治疗研究。因此,对症状前SMA采用了与nusinersen相同的治疗效果。nusinersen对婴儿期发作的SMA和晚发SMA的两项随机、假对照第3阶段疗效试验用于估计主要比较马尔可夫模型的临床症状的转移概率。在疾病改良疗法出现之前,为描述患者SMA的自然史而进行的观察性研究用于模型参数,包括患者数量、运动功能丧失时的年龄以及加权转移概率。

为生成QALY。值来源于澳大利亚关于Prenusinesen经济和健康相关生活质量负担的研究,该研究包括对40名患有SMA的婴儿和儿童的详细成本分析。据运动状态重新分析了澳大利亚数据的生活质量,并在美国社区调查研究中补充了生活质量估计。从社会角度来看,成本包括筛查(包括真阳性和假阳性)、诊断、疾病矫正治疗、直接医疗护理、非正式护理以及父母失去照顾SMA儿童的生产力的成本。筛查和诊断费用从我们的国家统计局试点项目中收取。nusinersen的治疗费用基于培育研究治疗方案,包括前2个月的4次负荷剂量,然后每4个月的一次维持剂量。nusinersen 的报销费用为110 000美元(~75 810美元)。 对于每一次nusinersen注射和基因治疗事件,需要在同一天入院进行程序和注射后观察。年度直接医疗成本和间接护理成本来自澳大利亚SMA成本统计。

将增量成本和QALY与计算增量成本效益比(ICER)进行比较。进行了两组成本效益分析。首先,对一名确诊为SMA的婴儿在5年和60年期间的四种SMA治疗策略(马尔可夫模型)进行建模。计算SMA治疗策略之间每对比较的增量成本和QALY,并报告为每名诊断为SMA患者的增量成本。其次,NBS和早期疾病修正疗法(决策分析模型加上四种嵌套马尔可夫治疗策略)的成本效益估计了人群中出生的一名婴儿的成本和QALY,并与无NBS和晚期nusinersen治疗或支持性护理的临床诊断相比较。

Figure 4

NBS和基因治疗的成本-效果

通过使用nusinersen或基因疗法治疗一名症状前SMA婴儿,与临床诊断的SMA晚期治疗相比,在60年内额外获得9.93 QALY。用于早期nusinersen治疗社会成本为980万美元,440万美元用于早期基因治疗,480万美元用于接下来的 nusinersen。与晚期nusinersen治疗相比,早期基因治疗占主导地位,可获得9.93 QALY,同时节省36万美元;而早期nusinersen治疗将产生507000美元/QALY的贴现增量成本效益比(ICER)。在人群水平上,与未筛查和使用nusinersen进行后期治疗相比,NBS和早期基因治疗使60年内QALY增加0.00085,每筛查一名婴儿可节省24美元(获得85 QALY和2.4美元。通过概率敏感性分析,超过四分之三的模拟ICER显示,与未筛查和后期nusinersen治疗相比,NBS和基因治疗将占主导地位或低于50000美元/QALY。

总之,NBS加上基因治疗可提高SMA婴儿的生活质量和寿命,从临床和政策背景来看,NBS是物有所值的。

Shih STFarrar MAWiley V, et al Newborn screening for spinal muscular atrophy with disease-modifying therapies: a cost-effectiveness analysis

 

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    2022-07-11 chendoc252
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    2021-08-03 CHANGE

    疗效只是效果的众多方面之一,还要看对患者的获益,包括生活质量等因素共同决定效果的

    0

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